module Iterator(T)

Overview

An Iterator allows processing sequences lazily, as opposed to Enumerable which processes sequences eagerly and produces an Array in most of its methods.

As an example, let's compute the first three numbers in the range 1..10_000_000 that are even, multiplied by three. One way to do this is:

(1..10_000_000).select(&.even?).map { |x| x * 3 }.first(3) # => [6, 12, 18]

The above works, but creates many intermediate arrays: one for the select call, one for the map call and one for the take call. A more efficient way is to invoke Range#each without a block, which gives us an Iterator so we can process the operations lazily:

(1..10_000_000).each.select(&.even?).map { |x| x * 3 }.first(3) # => #< Iterator(T)::First...

Iterator redefines many of Enumerable's method in a lazy way, returning iterators instead of arrays.

At the end of the call chain we get back a new iterator: we need to consume it, either using #each or Enumerable#to_a:

(1..10_000_000).each.select(&.even?).map { |x| x * 3 }.first(3).to_a # => [6, 12, 18]

To implement an Iterator you need to define a #next method that must return the next element in the sequence or Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE, which signals the end of the sequence (you can invoke #stop inside an iterator as a shortcut).

Additionally, an Iterator can implement #rewind, which must rewind the iterator to its initial state. This is needed to implement the #cycle method.

For example, this is an iterator that returns a sequence of N zeros:

class Zeros
  include Iterator(Int32)

  def initialize(@size : Int32)
    @produced = 0
  end

  def next
    if @produced < @size
      @produced += 1
      0
    else
      stop
    end
  end

  def rewind
    @produced = 0
    self
  end
end

zeros = Zeros.new(5)
zeros.to_a # => [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

zeros.rewind
zeros.first(3).to_a # => [0, 0, 0]

The standard library provides iterators for many classes, like Array, Hash, Range, String and IO. Usually to get an iterator you invoke a method that would usually yield elements to a block, but without passing a block: Array#each, Array#each_index, Hash#each, String#each_char, IO#each_line, etc.

Included Modules

Defined in:

iterator.cr

Class Method Summary

Instance Method Summary

Instance methods inherited from module Enumerable(T)

all?(&block)
all?(pattern)
all? all?, any?(&block)
any?(pattern)
any? any?, chunks(&block : T -> U) forall U chunks, compact_map(&block) compact_map, count(item)
count(&block) count, cycle(&block)
cycle(n, &block) cycle, each(&block : T -> UNDERSCORE) each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_cons, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_slice, each_with_index(offset = 0, &block) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj, &block) each_with_object, find(if_none = nil, &block) find, first(count : Int)
first first, first? first?, flat_map(&block : T -> Array(U) | Iterator(U) | U) forall U flat_map, grep(pattern) grep, group_by(&block : T -> U) forall U group_by, in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &block) forall U in_groups_of, includes?(obj) includes?, index(&block)
index(obj) index, index_by(&block : T -> U) forall U index_by, join(separator, io)
join(separator = "")
join(separator, io, &block)
join(separator = "", &block) join, map(&block : T -> U) forall U map, map_with_index(&block : T, Int32 -> U) forall U map_with_index, max max, max? max?, max_by(&block : T -> U) forall U max_by, max_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U max_by?, max_of(&block : T -> U) forall U max_of, max_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U max_of?, min min, min? min?, min_by(&block : T -> U) forall U min_by, min_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U min_by?, min_of(&block : T -> U) forall U min_of, min_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U min_of?, minmax minmax, minmax? minmax?, minmax_by(&block : T -> U) forall U minmax_by, minmax_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U minmax_by?, minmax_of(&block : T -> U) forall U minmax_of, minmax_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U minmax_of?, none?(&block)
none?(pattern)
none? none?, one?(&block)
one?(pattern)
one? one?, partition(&block) partition, product
product(initial : Number, &block)
product(&block)
product(initial : Number) product, reduce(memo, &block)
reduce(&block) reduce, reject(&block : T -> )
reject(type : U.class) forall U
reject(pattern) reject, select(type : U.class) forall U
select(&block : T -> )
select(pattern) select, size size, skip(count : Int) skip, skip_while(&block) skip_while, sum(initial)
sum
sum(initial, &block)
sum(&block) sum, take_while(&block) take_while, to_a to_a, to_h
to_h(&block : T -> Tuple(K, V)) forall K, V to_h, to_set to_set

Class Method Detail

def self.chain(iters : Iterator(Iter)) forall Iter #

The same as #chain, but have better performance when the quantity of iterators to chain is large (usually greater than 4) or undetermined.

array_of_iters = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
iter = Iterator(Int32).chain array_of_iters
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => 4

[View source]
def self.chain(iters : Iterable(Iter)) forall Iter #

the same as .chain(Iterator(Iter))


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def self.of(element : T) #

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def self.of(&block : -> T) #

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def self.stop #

Shortcut for Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE, to signal that there are no more elements in an iterator.


[View source]

Instance Method Detail

def chain(other : Iterator(U)) forall U #

Returns an iterator that returns elements from the original iterator until it is exhausted and then returns the elements of the second iterator. Compared to .chain(Iterator(Iter)), it has better performance when the quantity of iterators to chain is small (usually less than 4). This method also cannot chain iterators in a loop, for that see .chain(Iterator(Iter)).

iter = (1..2).each.chain(('a'..'b').each)
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 'a'
iter.next # => 'b'
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def chunk(reuse = false, &block : T -> U) forall T, U #

Returns an Iterator that enumerates over the items, chunking them together based on the return value of the block.

Consecutive elements which return the same block value are chunked together.

For example, consecutive even numbers and odd numbers can be chunked as follows.

[3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5].chunk(&.even?).each do |even, ary|
  p [even, ary]
end

# => [false, [3, 1]]
#    [true, [4]]
#    [false, [1, 5, 9]]
#    [true, [2, 6]]
#    [false, [5, 3, 5]]

The following key values have special meaning:

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each chunk when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is given, the array can be reused
  • If reuse is an Array, this array will be reused
  • If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.

See also: Enumerable#chunks.


[View source]
def chunk_while(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B #

Returns an iterator for each chunked elements where elements are kept in a given chunk as long as the block's value over a pair of elements is truthy.

For example, one-by-one increasing subsequences can be chunked as follows:

ary = [1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21]
iter = ary.chunk_while { |i, j| i + 1 == j }
iter.next # => [1, 2]
iter.next # => [4]
iter.next # => [9, 10, 11, 12]
iter.next # => [15, 16]
iter.next # => [19, 20, 21]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.

See also #slice_when, which works similary but the block's condition is inverted.


[View source]
def compact_map(&func : T -> UNDERSCORE) #

Returns an iterator that applies the given function to the element and then returns it unless it is nil. If the returned value would be nil it instead returns the next non nil value.

iter = [1, nil, 2, nil].each.compact_map { |e| e.try &.*(2) }
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 4
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def cons(n : Int, reuse = false) #

Returns an iterator that returns consecutive chunks of the size n.

iter = (1..5).each.cons(3)
iter.next # => [1, 2, 3]
iter.next # => [2, 3, 4]
iter.next # => [3, 4, 5]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each consecutive when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is given, the array can be reused
  • If reuse is an Array, this array will be reused
  • If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def cycle(n : Int) #

Returns an iterator that repeatedly returns the elements of the original iterator starting back at the beginning when the end was reached, but only n times.

iter = ["a", "b", "c"].each.cycle(2)
iter.next # => "a"
iter.next # => "b"
iter.next # => "c"
iter.next # => "a"
iter.next # => "b"
iter.next # => "c"
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def cycle #

Returns an iterator that repeatedly returns the elements of the original iterator forever starting back at the beginning when the end was reached.

iter = ["a", "b", "c"].each.cycle
iter.next # => "a"
iter.next # => "b"
iter.next # => "c"
iter.next # => "a"
iter.next # => "b"
iter.next # => "c"
iter.next # => "a"
# and so an and so on

[View source]
def each #

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def each(&block) : Nil #

Calls the given block once for each element, passing that element as a parameter.

iter = ["a", "b", "c"].each
iter.each { |x| print x, " " } # Prints "a b c"

[View source]
def each_slice(n, reuse = false) #

Returns an iterator that then returns slices of n elements of the initial iterator.

iter = (1..9).each.each_slice(3)
iter.next # => [1, 2, 3]
iter.next # => [4, 5, 6]
iter.next # => [7, 8, 9]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each consecutive when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is given, the array can be reused
  • If reuse is an Array, this array will be reused
  • If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def first(n : Int) #

Returns an iterator that only returns the first n elements of the initial iterator.

iter = ["a", "b", "c"].each.first 2
iter.next # => "a"
iter.next # => "b"
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def flat_map(&func : T -> Array(U) | Iterator(U) | U) forall U #

Returns a new iterator with the concatenated results of running the block (which is expected to return arrays or iterators) once for every element in the collection.

iter = [1, 2, 3].each.flat_map { |x| [x, x] }

iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2

iter = [1, 2, 3].each.flat_map { |x| [x, x].each }

iter.to_a # => [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]

[View source]
def flatten #

Returns an iterator that flattens nested iterators and arrays into a single iterator whose type is the union of the simple types of all of the nested iterators and arrays (and their nested iterators and arrays, and so on).

iter = [(1..2).each, ('a'..'b').each].each.flatten
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 'a'
iter.next # => 'b'
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with = nil, reuse = false) #

Returns an iterator that chunks the iterator's elements in arrays of size filling up the remaining elements if no element remains with nil or a given optional parameter.

iter = (1..3).each.in_groups_of(2)
iter.next # => [1, 2]
iter.next # => [3, nil]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE
iter = (1..3).each.in_groups_of(2, 'z')
iter.next # => [1, 2]
iter.next # => [3, 'z']
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each group.

  • If reuse is given, the array can be reused
  • If reuse is an Array, this array will be reused
  • If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def map(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that applies the given block to the next element and returns the result.

iter = [1, 2, 3].each.map &.*(2)
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 4
iter.next # => 6
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
abstract def next #

Returns the next element in this iterator, or Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE if there are no more elements.


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def reject(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements for which the passed in block returns a falsey value.

iter = [1, 2, 3].each.reject &.odd?
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def reject(type : U.class) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements that are not of the given type.

iter = [1, false, 3, true].each.reject(Bool)
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def reject(pattern) #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements where pattern === element does not hold.

iter = [2, 3, 1, 5, 4, 6].reject(3..5)
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 6
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
abstract def rewind #

Rewinds the iterator to its original state.


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def select(pattern) #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements where pattern === element.

iter = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 6].select(3..5)
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => 5
iter.next # => 4
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def select(type : U.class) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements of the given type.

iter = [1, false, 3, nil].each.select(Int32)
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def select(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only returns elements for which the passed in block returns a truthy value.

iter = [1, 2, 3].each.select &.odd?
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def skip(n : Int) #

Returns an iterator that skips the first n elements and only returns the elements after that.

iter = (1..3).each.skip(2)
iter.next # -> 3
iter.next # -> Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def skip_while(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only starts to return elements once the given block has returned falsey value for one element.

iter = [1, 2, 3, 4, 0].each.skip_while { |i| i < 3 }
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => 4
iter.next # => 0
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def slice(n : Int, reuse = false) #

Alias of #each_slice.


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def slice_after(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false) #

Returns an iterator over chunks of elements, where each chunk ends right after the given pattern is matched with pattern === element.

For example, to get chunks that end at each ASCII uppercase letter:

ary = ['a', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E', 'F', 'g', 'h']
#                   ^         ^    ^
iter = ary.slice_after('A'..'Z')
iter.next # => ['a', 'b', 'C']
iter.next # => ['d', 'E']
iter.next # => ['F']
iter.next # => ['g', 'h']
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def slice_after(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B #

Returns an iterator over chunks of elements, where each chunk ends right after the given block's value is truthy.

For example, to get chunks that end at each uppercase letter:

ary = ['a', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E', 'F', 'g', 'h']
#                   ^         ^    ^
iter = ary.slice_after(&.uppercase?)
iter.next # => ['a', 'b', 'C']
iter.next # => ['d', 'E']
iter.next # => ['F']
iter.next # => ['g', 'h']
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def slice_before(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false) #

Returns an iterator over chunks of elements, where each chunk ends right before the given pattern is matched with pattern === element.

For example, to get chunks that end just before each ASCII uppercase letter:

ary = ['a', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E', 'F', 'g', 'h']
#              ^         ^    ^
iter = ary.slice_before('A'..'Z')
iter.next # => ['a', 'b']
iter.next # => ['C', 'd']
iter.next # => ['E']
iter.next # => ['F', 'g', 'h']
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def slice_before(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B #

Returns an iterator over chunks of elements, where each chunk ends right before the given block's value is truthy.

For example, to get chunks that end just before each uppercase letter:

ary = ['a', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E', 'F', 'g', 'h']
#              ^         ^    ^
iter = ary.slice_before(&.uppercase?)
iter.next # => ['a', 'b']
iter.next # => ['C', 'd']
iter.next # => ['E']
iter.next # => ['F', 'g', 'h']
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.


[View source]
def slice_when(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B #

Returns an iterator for each chunked elements where the ends of chunks are defined by the block, when the block's value over a pair of elements is truthy.

For example, one-by-one increasing subsequences can be chunked as follows:

ary = [1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21]
iter = ary.slice_when { |i, j| i + 1 != j }
iter.next # => [1, 2]
iter.next # => [4]
iter.next # => [9, 10, 11, 12]
iter.next # => [15, 16]
iter.next # => [19, 20, 21]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop

By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice when invoking #next.

  • If reuse is false, the method will create a new array for each chunk
  • If reuse is true, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
  • If reuse is an Array, that array will be reused

This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.

See also #chunk_while, which works similary but the block's condition is inverted.


[View source]
def step(n : Int) #

Returns an iterator that only returns every nth element, starting with the first.

iter = (1..6).each.step(2)
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 3
iter.next # => 5
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def stop #

Shortcut for Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE, to signal that there are no more elements in an iterator.


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def take_while(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that returns elements while the given block returns a truthy value.

iter = (1..5).each.take_while { |i| i < 3 }
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def tap(&block : T -> ) #

Returns an iterator that calls the given block with the next element of the iterator when calling #next, still returning the original element.

a = 0
iter = (1..3).each.tap { |x| a += x }
iter.next # => 1
a         # => 1
iter.next # => 2
a         # => 3
iter.next # => 3
a         # => 6
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

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def uniq(&func : T -> U) forall U #

Returns an iterator that only returns unique values of the original iterator. The provided block is applied to the elements to determine the value to be checked for uniqueness.

iter = [["a", "a"], ["b", "a"], ["a", "c"]].each.uniq &.first
iter.next # => ["a", "a"]
iter.next # => ["b", "a"]
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def uniq #

Returns an iterator that only returns unique values of the original iterator.

iter = [1, 2, 1].each.uniq
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def with_index(offset : Int = 0, &block) #

Yields each element in this iterator together with its index.


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def with_index(offset : Int = 0) #

Returns an iterator that returns a Tuple of the element and its index.

iter = (1..3).each.with_index
iter.next # => {1, 0}
iter.next # => {2, 1}
iter.next # => {3, 2}
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]
def with_object(obj) #

Returns an iterator that returns a Tuple of the element and a given object.

iter = (1..3).each.with_object("a")
iter.next # => {1, "a"}
iter.next # => {2, "a"}
iter.next # => {3, "a"}
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

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def zip(other : Iterator(U)) forall U #

Returns an iterator that returns the elements of this iterator and the given one pairwise as Tuples.

iter1 = [4, 5, 6].each
iter2 = [7, 8, 9].each
iter = iter1.zip(iter2)
iter.next # => {4, 7}
iter.next # => {5, 8}
iter.next # => {6, 9}
iter.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

[View source]