module Enumerable(T)
Overview
The Enumerable
mixin provides collection classes with several traversal, searching,
filtering and querying methods.
Including types must provide an #each
method, which yields successive members
of the collection.
For example:
class Three
include Enumerable(Int32)
def each
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
end
end
three = Three.new
three.to_a # => [1, 2, 3]
three.select &.odd? # => [1, 3]
three.all? { |x| x < 10 } # => true
Note that most search and filter methods traverse an Enumerable eagerly,
producing an Array
as the result. For a lazy alternative refer to
the Iterator
and Iterable
modules.
Direct including types
- Char::Reader
- Dir
- Hash(K, V)
- HTTP::Cookies
- HTTP::Headers
- HTTP::Params
- Indexable(T)
- Iterator(T)
- Range(B, E)
- Set(T)
- XML::Attributes
- XML::NodeSet
- YAML::Nodes::Sequence
Defined in:
enumerable.crset.cr
Instance Method Summary
-
#all?(&block)
Returns
true
if the passed block returns a value other thanfalse
ornil
for all elements of the collection. -
#all?(pattern)
Returns
true
ifpattern === element
for all elements in this enumerable. -
#all?
Returns
true
if none of the elements of the collection isfalse
ornil
. -
#any?(&block)
Returns
true
if the passed block returns a value other thanfalse
ornil
for at least one element of the collection. -
#any?(pattern)
Returns
true
ifpattern === element
for at least one element in this enumerable. -
#any?
Returns
true
if at least one of the collection members is notfalse
ornil
. -
#chunks(&block : T -> U) forall U
Enumerates over the items, chunking them together based on the return value of the block.
-
#compact_map(&block)
Returns an
Array
with the results of running the block against each element of the collection, removingnil
values. -
#count(item)
Returns the number of times that the passed item is present in the collection.
-
#count(&block)
Returns the number of elements in the collection for which the passed block returns
true
. -
#cycle(&block)
Calls the given block for each element in this enumerable forever.
-
#cycle(n, &block)
Calls the given block for each element in this enumerable n times.
-
#each(&block : T -> UNDERSCORE)
Must yield this collection's elements to the block.
-
#each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &block)
Iterates over the collection yielding chunks of size count, but advancing one by one.
-
#each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &block)
Iterates over the collection in slices of size count, and runs the block for each of those.
-
#each_with_index(offset = 0, &block)
Iterates over the collection, yielding both the elements and their index.
-
#each_with_object(obj, &block)
Iterates over the collection, passing each element and the initial object obj.
-
#find(if_none = nil, &block)
Returns the first element in the collection for which the passed block is
true
. -
#first(count : Int)
Returns an
Array
with the first count elements in the collection. -
#first
Returns the first element in the collection.
-
#first?
Returns the first element in the collection.
-
#flat_map(&block : T -> Array(U) | Iterator(U) | U) forall U
Returns a new array with the concatenated results of running the block (which is expected to return arrays) once for every element in the collection.
-
#grep(pattern)
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection that match theRegExp
pattern. - #group_by(&block : T -> U) forall U
-
#in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
Returns an
Array
with chunks in the given size, eventually filled up with given value ornil
. -
#in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &block) forall U
Yields a block with the chunks in the given size.
-
#includes?(obj)
Returns
true
if the collection contains obj,false
otherwise. -
#index(&block)
Returns the index of the first element for which the passed block returns
true
. -
#index(obj)
Returns the index of the object obj in the collection.
-
#index_by(&block : T -> U) forall U
Converts an
Enumerable
to aHash
by using the value returned by the block as the hash key. -
#join(separator, io)
Prints to io all the elements in the collection, separated by separator.
-
#join(separator = "")
Returns a
String
created by concatenating the elements in the collection, separated by separator (defaults to none). -
#join(separator, io, &block)
Prints to io the concatenation of the elements, with the possibility of controlling how the printing is done via a block.
-
#join(separator = "", &block)
Returns a
String
created by concatenating the results of passing the elements in the collection to the passed block, separated by separator (defaults to none). -
#map(&block : T -> U) forall U
Returns an
Array
with the results of running the block against each element of the collection. -
#map_with_index(&block : T, Int32 -> U) forall U
Like
#map
, but the block gets passed both the element and its index. -
#max
Returns the element with the maximum value in the collection.
-
#max?
Like
#max
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#max_by(&block : T -> U) forall U
Returns the element for which the passed block returns with the maximum value.
-
#max_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#max_by
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#max_of(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#max_by
but instead of the element, returns the value returned by the block. -
#max_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#max_of
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#min
Returns the element with the minimum value in the collection.
-
#min?
Like
#min
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#min_by(&block : T -> U) forall U
Returns the element for which the passed block returns with the minimum value.
-
#min_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#min_by
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#min_of(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#min_by
but instead of the element, returns the value returned by the block. -
#min_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#min_of
but returnsnil
if the collection is empty. -
#minmax
Returns a
Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum value. -
#minmax?
Like
#minmax
but returns{nil, nil}
if the collection is empty. -
#minmax_by(&block : T -> U) forall U
Returns a
Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum values according to the passed block. -
#minmax_by?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#minmax_by
but returns{nil, nil}
if the collection is empty. -
#minmax_of(&block : T -> U) forall U
Returns a
Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum value the block returns when passed the elements in the collection. -
#minmax_of?(&block : T -> U) forall U
Like
#minmax_of
but returns{nil, nil}
if the collection is empty. -
#none?(&block)
Returns
true
if the passed block returnstrue
for none of the elements of the collection. -
#none?(pattern)
Returns
true
ifpattern === element
for no element in this enumerable. -
#none?
Returns
true
if all of the elements of the collection arefalse
ornil
. -
#one?(&block)
Returns
true
if the passed block returnstrue
for exactly one of the elements of the collection. -
#one?(pattern)
Returns
true
ifpattern === element
for just one element in this enumerable. -
#one?
Returns
true
if only one element in this enumerable is truthy. -
#partition(&block)
Returns a
Tuple
with two arrays. -
#product
Multiplies all the elements in the collection together.
-
#product(initial : Number, &block)
Multiplies initial and all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
-
#product(&block)
Multiplies all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
-
#product(initial : Number)
Multiplies initial and all the elements in the collection together.
-
#reduce(memo, &block)
Just like the other variant, but you can set the initial value of the accumulator.
-
#reduce(&block)
Combines all elements in the collection by applying a binary operation, specified by a block, so as to reduce them to a single value.
-
#reject(&block : T -> )
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection for which the passed block returnsfalse
. -
#reject(type : U.class) forall U
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection that are not of the given type. -
#reject(pattern)
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection for whichpattern === element
is false. -
#select(type : U.class) forall U
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection that are of the given type. -
#select(&block : T -> )
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection for which the passed block returnstrue
. -
#select(pattern)
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection for whichpattern === element
. -
#size
Returns the number of elements in the collection.
-
#skip(count : Int)
Returns an
Array
with the first count elements removed from the original collection. -
#skip_while(&block)
Skips elements up to, but not including, the first element for which the block returns
nil
orfalse
and returns anArray
containing the remaining elements. -
#sum(initial)
Adds initial and all the elements in the collection together.
-
#sum
Adds all the elements in the collection together.
-
#sum(initial, &block)
Adds initial and all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
-
#sum(&block)
Adds all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
-
#take_while(&block)
Passes elements to the block until the block returns
nil
orfalse
, then stops iterating and returns anArray
of all prior elements. -
#to_a
Returns an
Array
with all the elements in the collection. - #to_h
- #to_h(&block : T -> Tuple(K, V)) forall K, V
-
#to_set
Returns a new
Set
with each unique element in the enumerable.
Instance Method Detail
Returns true
if the passed block returns a value other than false
or nil
for all elements of the collection.
["ant", "bear", "cat"].all? { |word| word.size >= 3 } # => true
["ant", "bear", "cat"].all? { |word| word.size >= 4 } # => false
Returns true
if pattern === element
for all elements in
this enumerable.
[2, 3, 4].all?(1..5) # => true
[2, 3, 4].all?(Int32) # => true
[2, "a", 3].all?(String) # => false
%w[foo bar baz].all?(/o|a/) # => true
Returns true
if none of the elements of the collection is false
or nil
.
[nil, true, 99].all? # => false
[15].all? # => true
Returns true
if the passed block returns a value other than false
or nil
for at least one element of the collection.
["ant", "bear", "cat"].any? { |word| word.size >= 4 } # => true
["ant", "bear", "cat"].any? { |word| word.size > 4 } # => false
Returns true
if pattern === element
for at least one
element in this enumerable.
[2, 3, 4].any?(1..3) # => true
[2, 3, 4].any?(5..10) # => false
[2, "a", 3].any?(String) # => true
%w[foo bar baz].any?(/a/) # => true
Returns true
if at least one of the collection members is not false
or nil
.
[nil, true, 99].any? # => true
[nil, false].any? # => false
Enumerates over the items, chunking them together based on the return value of the block.
Consecutive elements which return the same block value are chunked together.
For example, consecutive even numbers and odd numbers can be chunked as follows.
ary = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5].chunks { |n| n.even? }
ary # => [{false, [3, 1]}, {true, [4]}, {false, [1, 5, 9]}, {true, [2, 6]}, {false, [5, 3, 5]}]
The following key values have special meaning:
Enumerable::Chunk::Drop
specifies that the elements should be droppedEnumerable::Chunk::Alone
specifies that the element should be chunked by itself
See also: Iterator#chunk
.
Returns an Array
with the results of running the block against each element
of the collection, removing nil
values.
["Alice", "Bob"].map { |name| name.match(/^A./) } # => [#<Regex::MatchData "Al">, nil]
["Alice", "Bob"].compact_map { |name| name.match(/^A./) } # => [#<Regex::MatchData "Al">]
Returns the number of times that the passed item is present in the collection.
[1, 2, 3, 4].count(3) # => 1
Returns the number of elements in the collection for which
the passed block returns true
.
[1, 2, 3, 4].count { |i| i % 2 == 0 } # => 2
Iterates over the collection yielding chunks of size count, but advancing one by one.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].each_cons(2) do |cons|
puts cons
end
Prints:
[1, 2]
[2, 3]
[3, 4]
[4, 5]
By default, a new array is created and yielded for each consecutive slice of elements.
- If reuse is given, the array can be reused
- If reuse is an
Array
, this array will be reused - If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.
Iterates over the collection in slices of size count, and runs the block for each of those.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].each_slice(2) do |slice|
puts slice
end
Prints:
[1, 2]
[3, 4]
[5]
Note that the last one can be smaller.
By default, a new array is created and yielded for each slice.
- If reuse is given, the array can be reused
- If reuse is an
Array
, this array will be reused - If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.
Iterates over the collection, yielding both the elements and their index.
["Alice", "Bob"].each_with_index do |user, i|
puts "User ##{i}: #{user}"
end
Prints:
User # 0: Alice
User # 1: Bob
Accepts an optional offset parameter, which tells it to start counting from there. So, a more human friendly version of the previous snippet would be:
["Alice", "Bob"].each_with_index(1) do |user, i|
puts "User ##{i}: #{user}"
end
Which would print:
User # 1: Alice
User # 2: Bob
Iterates over the collection, passing each element and the initial object obj. Returns that object.
hash = ["Alice", "Bob"].each_with_object({} of String => Int32) do |user, sizes|
sizes[user] = user.size
end
hash # => {"Alice" => 5, "Bob" => 3}
Returns the first element in the collection for which the passed block is true
.
Accepts an optional parameter if_none, to set what gets returned if
no element is found (defaults to nil
).
[1, 2, 3, 4].find { |i| i > 2 } # => 3
[1, 2, 3, 4].find { |i| i > 8 } # => nil
[1, 2, 3, 4].find(-1) { |i| i > 8 } # => -1
Returns an Array
with the first count elements in the collection.
If count is bigger than the number of elements in the collection, returns as many as possible. This include the case of calling it over an empty collection, in which case it returns an empty array.
Returns the first element in the collection. Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Returns the first element in the collection.
When the collection is empty, returns nil
.
Returns a new array with the concatenated results of running the block (which is expected to return arrays) once for every element in the collection.
array = ["Alice", "Bob"].flat_map do |user|
user.chars
end
array # => ['A', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'e', 'B', 'o', 'b']
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection that
match the RegExp
pattern.
["Alice", "Bob"].grep(/^A/) # => ["Alice"]
Returns a Hash
whose keys are each different value that the passed block
returned when run for each element in the collection, and which values are
an Array
of the elements for which the block returned that value.
["Alice", "Bob", "Ary"].group_by { |name| name.size } # => {5 => ["Alice"], 3 => ["Bob", "Ary"]}
Returns an Array
with chunks in the given size, eventually filled up
with given value or nil
.
[1, 2, 3].in_groups_of(2, 0) # => [[1, 2], [3, 0]]
[1, 2, 3].in_groups_of(2) # => [[1, 2], [3, nil]]
Yields a block with the chunks in the given size.
[1, 2, 4].in_groups_of(2, 0) { |e| p e.sum }
# => 3
# => 4
By default, a new array is created and yielded for each group.
- If reuse is given, the array can be reused
- If reuse is an
Array
, this array will be reused - If reuse is truthy, the method will create a new array and reuse it.
This can be used to prevent many memory allocations when each slice of interest is to be used in a read-only fashion.
Returns true
if the collection contains obj, false
otherwise.
[1, 2, 3].includes?(2) # => true
[1, 2, 3].includes?(5) # => false
Returns the index of the first element for which the passed block returns true
.
["Alice", "Bob"].index { |name| name.size < 4 } # => 1 (Bob's index)
Returns nil
if the block didn't return true
for any element.
Returns the index of the object obj in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob"].index("Alice") # => 0
Returns nil
if obj is not in the collection.
Converts an Enumerable
to a Hash
by using the value returned by the block
as the hash key.
Be aware, if two elements return the same value as a key one will override
the other. If you want to keep all values, then you should probably use
#group_by
instead.
["Anna", "Ary", "Alice"].index_by { |e| e.size }
# => {4 => "Anna", 3 => "Ary", 5 => "Alice"}
["Anna", "Ary", "Alice", "Bob"].index_by { |e| e.size }
# => {4 => "Anna", 3 => "Bob", 5 => "Alice"}
Prints to io all the elements in the collection, separated by separator.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].join(", ", STDOUT)
Prints:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Returns a String
created by concatenating the elements in the collection,
separated by separator (defaults to none).
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].join(", ") # => "1, 2, 3, 4, 5"
Prints to io the concatenation of the elements, with the possibility of controlling how the printing is done via a block.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].join(", ", STDOUT) { |i, io| io << "(#{i})" }
Prints:
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5)
Returns a String
created by concatenating the results of passing the elements
in the collection to the passed block, separated by separator (defaults to none).
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].join(", ") { |i| -i } # => "-1, -2, -3, -4, -5"
Returns an Array
with the results of running the block against each element of the collection.
[1, 2, 3].map { |i| i * 10 } # => [10, 20, 30]
Like #map
, but the block gets passed both the element and its index.
["Alice", "Bob"].map_with_index { |name, i| "User ##{i}: #{name}" }
# => ["User #0: Alice", "User #1: Bob"]
Returns the element with the maximum value in the collection.
It compares using >
so it will work for any type that supports that method.
[1, 2, 3].max # => 3
["Alice", "Bob"].max # => "Bob"
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Returns the element for which the passed block returns with the maximum value.
It compares using >
so the block must return a type that supports that method
["Alice", "Bob"].max_by { |name| name.size } # => "Alice"
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Like #max_by
but instead of the element, returns the value returned by the block.
["Alice", "Bob"].max_of { |name| name.size } # => 5 (Alice's size)
Returns the element with the minimum value in the collection.
It compares using <
so it will work for any type that supports that method.
[1, 2, 3].min # => 1
["Alice", "Bob"].min # => "Alice"
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Returns the element for which the passed block returns with the minimum value.
It compares using <
so the block must return a type that supports that method
["Alice", "Bob"].min_by { |name| name.size } # => "Bob"
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Like #min_by
but instead of the element, returns the value returned by the block.
["Alice", "Bob"].min_of { |name| name.size } # => 3 (Bob's size)
Returns a Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum value.
[1, 2, 3].minmax # => {1, 3}
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Returns a Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum values according to the passed block.
["Alice", "Bob", "Carl"].minmax_by { |name| name.size } # => {"Bob", "Alice"}
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Like #minmax_by
but returns {nil, nil}
if the collection is empty.
Returns a Tuple
with both the minimum and maximum value
the block returns when passed the elements in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob", "Carl"].minmax_of { |name| name.size } # => {3, 5}
Raises Enumerable::EmptyError
if the collection is empty.
Like #minmax_of
but returns {nil, nil}
if the collection is empty.
Returns true
if the passed block returns true
for none of the elements of the collection.
[1, 2, 3].none? { |i| i > 5 } # => true
It's the opposite of #all?
.
Returns true
if pattern === element
for no element in
this enumerable.
[2, 3, 4].none?(5..7) # => true
[2, "a", 3].none?(String) # => false
%w[foo bar baz].none?(/e/) # => true
Returns true
if all of the elements of the collection are false
or nil
.
[nil, false].none? # => true
[nil, false, true].none? # => false
It's the opposite of #all?
.
Returns true
if the passed block returns true
for exactly one of the elements of the collection.
[1, 2, 3].one? { |i| i > 2 } # => true
[1, 2, 3].one? { |i| i > 1 } # => false
Returns true
if pattern === element
for just one element
in this enumerable.
[1, 10, 100].one?(7..14) # => true
[2, "a", 3].one?(Int32) # => false
%w[foo bar baz].one?(/oo/) # => true
Returns true
if only one element in this enumerable
is truthy.
[1, false, false].one? # => true
[1, false, 3].one? # => false
[1].one? # => true
[false].one? # => false
Returns a Tuple
with two arrays. The first one contains the elements
in the collection for which the passed block returned true
,
and the second one those for which it returned false
.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].partition { |i| i % 2 == 0 } # => {[2, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5]}
Multiplies all the elements in the collection together.
Only collections of numbers (objects that can be multiplied via a *
method)
are supported.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].product # => 720
If the collection is empty, returns 1
.
([] of Int32).product # => 1
Multiplies initial and all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob"].product(2) { |name| name.size } # => 30 (2 * 5 * 3)
If the collection is empty, returns 1
.
([] of String).product(1) { |name| name.size } # => 1
Multiplies all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob"].product { |name| name.size } # => 15 (5 * 3)
If the collection is empty, returns 1
.
([] of Int32).product { |x| x + 1 } # => 1
Multiplies initial and all the elements in the collection together. The type of initial will be the type of the product, so use this if (for instance) you need to specify a large enough type to avoid overflow.
Only collections of numbers (objects that can be multiplied via a *
method)
are supported.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].product(7) # => 5040
If the collection is empty, returns initial.
([] of Int32).product(7) # => 7
Just like the other variant, but you can set the initial value of the accumulator.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce(10) { |acc, i| acc + i } # => 25
Combines all elements in the collection by applying a binary operation, specified by a block, so as to reduce them to a single value.
For each element in the collection the block is passed an accumulator value (memo) and the element. The result becomes the new value for memo. At the end of the iteration, the final value of memo is the return value for the method. The initial value for the accumulator is the first element in the collection.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce { |acc, i| acc + i } # => 15
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection for which
the passed block returns false
.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].reject { |i| i % 2 == 0 } # => [1, 3, 5]
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection
that are not of the given type.
ints = [1, true, 3, false].reject(Bool)
ints # => [1, 3]
typeof(ints) # => Array(Int32)
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection for which
pattern === element
is false.
[1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 6].reject(3..5).should eq([1, 2, 6])
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection
that are of the given type.
ints = [1, true, nil, 3, false].select(Int32)
ints # => [1, 3]
typeof(ints) # => Array(Int32)
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection for which
the passed block returns true
.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].select { |i| i % 2 == 0 } # => [2, 4, 6]
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection for which
pattern === element
.
[1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 6].select(3..5).should eq([3, 5, 4])
Returns an Array
with the first count elements removed
from the original collection.
If count is bigger than the number of elements in the collection, returns an empty array.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].skip(3) # => [4, 5, 6]
Skips elements up to, but not including, the first element for which
the block returns nil
or false
and returns an Array
containing the remaining elements.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0].skip_while { |i| i < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5, 0]
Adds initial and all the elements in the collection together. The type of initial will be the type of the sum, so use this if (for instance) you need to specify a large enough type to avoid overflow.
Only collections of numbers (objects that can be added via an +
method)
are supported.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].sum(7) # => 28
If the collection is empty, returns initial.
([] of Int32).sum(7) # => 7
Adds all the elements in the collection together.
Only collections of numbers (objects that can be added via an +
method)
are supported.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].sum # => 21
If the collection is empty, returns 0
.
([] of Int32).sum # => 0
Adds initial and all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob"].sum(1) { |name| name.size } # => 9 (1 + 5 + 3)
If the collection is empty, returns 0
.
([] of String).sum(1) { |name| name.size } # => 1
Adds all results of the passed block for each element in the collection.
["Alice", "Bob"].sum { |name| name.size } # => 8 (5 + 3)
If the collection is empty, returns 0
.
([] of Int32).sum { |x| x + 1 } # => 0
Passes elements to the block until the block returns nil
or false
,
then stops iterating and returns an Array
of all prior elements.
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0].take_while { |i| i < 3 } # => [1, 2]
Returns an Array
with all the elements in the collection.
(1..5).to_a # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Creates a Hash
out of an Enumerable where each element is a
2 element structure (for instance a Tuple
or an Array
).
[[:a, :b], [:c, :d]].to_h # => {:a => :b, :c => :d}
Tuple.new({:a, 1}, {:c, 2}).to_h # => {:a => 1, :c => 2}