class Array(T)

Overview

An Array is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects of type T.

Array indexing starts at 0. A negative index is assumed to be relative to the end of the array: -1 indicates the last element, -2 is the next to last element, and so on.

An Array can be created using the usual .new method (several are provided), or with an array literal:

Array(Int32).new  # => []
[1, 2, 3]         # Array(Int32)
[1, "hello", 'x'] # Array(Int32 | String | Char)

See Array literals in the language reference.

An Array can have mixed types, meaning T will be a union of types, but these are determined when the array is created, either by specifying T or by using an array literal. In the latter case, T will be set to the union of the array literal elements' types.

When creating an empty array you must always specify T:

[] of Int32 # same as Array(Int32)
[]          # syntax error

An Array is implemented using an internal buffer of some capacity and is reallocated when elements are pushed to it when more capacity is needed. This is normally known as a dynamic array.

You can use a special array literal syntax with other types too, as long as they define an argless .new method and a << method. Set is one such type:

set = Set{1, 2, 3} # => Set{1, 2, 3}
set.class          # => Set(Int32)

The above is the same as this:

set = Set(typeof(1, 2, 3)).new
set << 1
set << 2
set << 3

Included Modules

Defined in:

array.cr
json/any.cr
json/to_json.cr
uri/params/to_www_form.cr
yaml/any.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr

Constructors

Class Method Summary

Instance Method Summary

Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Array(T))

<(other : T) : Bool <, <=(other : T) <=, <=>(other : T) <=>, ==(other : T) ==, >(other : T) : Bool >, >=(other : T) >=, clamp(min, max)
clamp(range : Range)
clamp

Instance methods inherited from module Indexable::Mutable(T)

[]=(index : Int, value : T) : T []=, fill(value : T, start : Int, count : Int) : self
fill(value : T, range : Range) : self
fill(value : T) : self
fill(start : Int, count : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self
fill(range : Range, & : Int32 -> T) : self
fill(*, offset : Int = 0, & : Int32 -> T) : self
fill
, map!(& : T -> _) : self map!, map_with_index!(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> _) : self map_with_index!, reverse! : self reverse!, rotate!(n : Int = 1) : self rotate!, shuffle!(random : Random = Random::DEFAULT) : self shuffle!, sort! : self
sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U
sort!
, sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : self sort_by!, swap(index0 : Int, index1 : Int) : self swap, unsafe_put(index : Int, value : T) unsafe_put, unstable_sort! : self
unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U
unstable_sort!
, unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : self unstable_sort_by!, update(index : Int, & : T -> _) : T update

Instance methods inherited from module Indexable(T)

[](index : Int) [], []?(index : Int) []?, bsearch(& : T -> _) bsearch, bsearch_index(& : T, Int32 -> _) bsearch_index, cartesian_product(*others : Indexable) cartesian_product, combinations(size : Int = self.size) combinations, dig(index : Int, *subindexes) dig, dig?(index : Int, *subindexes) dig?, each(& : T -> )
each
each(*, start : Int, count : Int, & : T -> )
each(*, within range : Range, & : T -> )
each
, each_cartesian(*others : Indexable, &)
each_cartesian(*others : Indexable)
each_cartesian
, each_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false)
each_combination
, each_index(& : Int32 -> ) : Nil
each_index
each_index(*, start : Int, count : Int, &)
each_index
, each_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false)
each_permutation
, each_repeated_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_repeated_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false)
each_repeated_combination
, empty? : Bool empty?, equals?(other : Indexable, &) : Bool
equals?(other, &)
equals?
, fetch(index : Int, &)
fetch(index, default)
fetch
, first(&) first, hash(hasher) hash, index(object, offset : Int = 0)
index(offset : Int = 0, & : T -> )
index
, index!(obj, offset : Int = 0)
index!(offset : Int = 0, & : T -> )
index!
, join(separator : String | Char | Number = "") : String join, last : T
last(&)
last
, last? : T | Nil last?, permutations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) permutations, repeated_combinations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) repeated_combinations, reverse_each(& : T -> ) : Nil
reverse_each
reverse_each
, rindex(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex(offset = size - 1, & : T -> )
rindex
, rindex!(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex!(offset = size - 1, & : T -> )
rindex!
, sample(n : Int, random : Random = Random::DEFAULT) : Array(T)
sample(random : Random = Random::DEFAULT)
sample
, size size, to_a : Array(T)
to_a(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U
to_a
, unsafe_fetch(index : Int) unsafe_fetch, values_at(*indexes : Int) values_at

Class methods inherited from module Indexable(T)

cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable)) cartesian_product, each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &)
each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false)
each_cartesian

Instance methods inherited from module Enumerable(T)

accumulate(initial : U) : Array(U) forall U
accumulate : Array(T)
accumulate(initial : U, &block : U, T -> U) : Array(U) forall U
accumulate(&block : T, T -> T) : Array(T)
accumulate
, all?(& : T -> ) : Bool
all?(pattern) : Bool
all? : Bool
all?
, any?(& : T -> ) : Bool
any?(pattern) : Bool
any? : Bool
any?
, chunks(&block : T -> U) forall U chunks, compact_map(& : T -> _) compact_map, count(& : T -> ) : Int32
count(item) : Int32
count
, cycle(n, & : T -> ) : Nil
cycle(& : T -> ) : Nil
cycle
, each(& : T -> ) each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &) each_cons, each_cons_pair(& : T, T -> ) : Nil each_cons_pair, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &) each_slice, each_step(n : Int, *, offset : Int = 0, & : T -> ) : Nil each_step, each_with_index(offset = 0, &) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj : U, & : T, U -> ) : U forall U each_with_object, empty? : Bool empty?, find(if_none = nil, & : T -> ) find, find!(& : T -> ) : T find!, find_value(if_none = nil, & : T -> ) find_value, first(&)
first(count : Int) : Array(T)
first : T
first
, first? : T | Nil first?, flat_map(& : T -> _) flat_map, group_by(& : T -> U) forall U group_by, in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &) forall U
in_groups_of
, in_slices_of(size : Int) : Array(Array(T)) in_slices_of, includes?(obj) : Bool includes?, index(& : T -> ) : Int32 | Nil
index(obj) : Int32 | Nil
index
, index!(& : T -> ) : Int32
index!(obj) : Int32
index!
, index_by(& : T -> U) : Hash(U, T) forall U index_by, join(io : IO, separator = "") : Nil
join(separator, io : IO) : Nil
join(separator = "") : String
join(io : IO, separator = "", & : T, IO -> )
join(separator, io : IO, &)
join(separator = "", & : T -> )
join
, map(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U map, map_with_index(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> U) : Array(U) forall U map_with_index, max(count : Int) : Array(T)
max : T
max
, max? : T | Nil max?, max_by(& : T -> U) : T forall U max_by, max_by?(& : T -> U) : T | Nil forall U max_by?, max_of(& : T -> U) : U forall U max_of, max_of?(& : T -> U) : U | Nil forall U max_of?, min(count : Int) : Array(T)
min : T
min
, min? : T | Nil min?, min_by(& : T -> U) : T forall U min_by, min_by?(& : T -> U) : T | Nil forall U min_by?, min_of(& : T -> U) : U forall U min_of, min_of?(& : T -> U) : U | Nil forall U min_of?, minmax : Tuple(T, T) minmax, minmax? : Tuple(T | Nil, T | Nil) minmax?, minmax_by(& : T -> U) : Tuple(T, T) forall U minmax_by, minmax_by?(& : T -> U) : Tuple(T, T) | Tuple(Nil, Nil) forall U minmax_by?, minmax_of(& : T -> U) : Tuple(U, U) forall U minmax_of, minmax_of?(& : T -> U) : Tuple(U, U) | Tuple(Nil, Nil) forall U minmax_of?, none?(& : T -> ) : Bool
none?(pattern) : Bool
none? : Bool
none?
, one?(& : T -> ) : Bool
one?(pattern) : Bool
one? : Bool
one?
, partition(& : T -> ) : Tuple(Array(T), Array(T))
partition(type : U.class) forall U
partition
, present? : Bool present?, product(initial : Number)
product
product(initial : Number, & : T -> )
product(& : T -> _)
product
, reduce(memo, &)
reduce(&)
reduce
, reduce?(&) reduce?, reject(& : T -> )
reject(type : U.class) forall U
reject(pattern) : Array(T)
reject
, sample(n : Int, random : Random = Random::DEFAULT) : Array(T)
sample(random : Random = Random::DEFAULT) : T
sample
, select(& : T -> )
select(type : U.class) : Array(U) forall U
select(pattern) : Array(T)
select
, size : Int32 size, skip(count : Int) skip, skip_while(& : T -> ) : Array(T) skip_while, sum(initial)
sum
sum(initial, & : T -> )
sum(& : T -> )
sum
, take_while(& : T -> ) : Array(T) take_while, tally(hash)
tally : Hash(T, Int32)
tally
, tally_by(hash, &)
tally_by(&block : T -> U) : Hash(U, Int32) forall U
tally_by
, to_a : Array(T)
to_a(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U
to_a
, to_h
to_h(& : T -> Tuple(K, V)) forall K, V
to_h
, to_set : Set(T)
to_set(&block : T -> U) : Set(U) forall U
to_set
, zip(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator, &)
zip(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator)
zip
, zip?(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator, &)
zip?(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator)
zip?

Class methods inherited from module Enumerable(T)

element_type(x) element_type

Instance methods inherited from module Iterable(T)

chunk(reuse = false, &block : T -> U) forall U chunk, chunk_while(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B chunk_while, cycle(n)
cycle
cycle
, each each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false) each_cons, each_cons_pair each_cons_pair, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false) each_slice, each_step(n : Int)
each_step(n : Int, *, offset : Int)
each_step
, each_with_index(offset = 0) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj) each_with_object, slice_after(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B
slice_after(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false)
slice_after
, slice_before(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B
slice_before(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false)
slice_before
, slice_when(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B slice_when

Instance methods inherited from class Reference

==(other : self)
==(other : JSON::Any)
==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other)
==
, dup dup, hash(hasher) hash, initialize initialize, inspect(io : IO) : Nil inspect, object_id : UInt64 object_id, pretty_print(pp) : Nil pretty_print, same?(other : Reference) : Bool
same?(other : Nil)
same?
, to_s(io : IO) : Nil to_s

Constructor methods inherited from class Reference

new new, unsafe_construct(address : Pointer, *args, **opts) : self unsafe_construct

Class methods inherited from class Reference

pre_initialize(address : Pointer) pre_initialize

Instance methods inherited from class Object

! : Bool !, !=(other) !=, !~(other) !~, ==(other) ==, ===(other : JSON::Any)
===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other)
===
, =~(other) =~, as(type : Class) as, as?(type : Class) as?, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash
hash
, in?(collection : Object) : Bool
in?(*values : Object) : Bool
in?
, inspect(io : IO) : Nil
inspect : String
inspect
, is_a?(type : Class) : Bool is_a?, itself itself, nil? : Bool nil?, not_nil!(message)
not_nil!
not_nil!
, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, responds_to?(name : Symbol) : Bool responds_to?, tap(&) tap, to_json(io : IO) : Nil
to_json : String
to_json
, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ") : String
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ") : Nil
to_pretty_json
, to_s(io : IO) : Nil
to_s : String
to_s
, to_yaml(io : IO) : Nil
to_yaml : String
to_yaml
, try(&) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as

Class methods inherited from class Object

from_json(string_or_io, root : String)
from_json(string_or_io)
from_json
, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) from_yaml

Macros inherited from class Object

class_getter(*names, &block) class_getter, class_getter!(*names) class_getter!, class_getter?(*names, &block) class_getter?, class_property(*names, &block) class_property, class_property!(*names) class_property!, class_property?(*names, &block) class_property?, class_setter(*names) class_setter, def_clone def_clone, def_equals(*fields) def_equals, def_equals_and_hash(*fields) def_equals_and_hash, def_hash(*fields) def_hash, delegate(*methods, to object) delegate, forward_missing_to(delegate) forward_missing_to, getter(*names, &block) getter, getter!(*names) getter!, getter?(*names, &block) getter?, property(*names, &block) property, property!(*names) property!, property?(*names, &block) property?, setter(*names) setter

Constructor Detail

def self.additive_identity : self #

Returns the additive identity of this type.

This is an empty array.


[View source]
def self.build(capacity : Int, & : Pointer(T) -> ) : self #

Creates a new Array, allocating an internal buffer with the given capacity, and yielding that buffer. The given block must return the desired size of the array.

This method is unsafe, but is usually used to initialize the buffer by passing it to a C function.

Array.build(3) do |buffer|
  LibSome.fill_buffer_and_return_number_of_elements_filled(buffer)
end

[View source]
def self.new(size : Int, value : T) #

Creates a new Array of the given size filled with the same value in each position.

Array.new(3, 'a') # => ['a', 'a', 'a']

WARNING The initial value is filled into the array as-is. It gets neither duplicated nor cloned. For types with reference semantics this means every item will point to the same object.

ary = Array.new(3, [1])
ary # => [[1], [1], [1]]
ary[0][0] = 2
ary # => [[2], [2], [2]]

[View source]
def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node) #

[View source]
def self.new(initial_capacity : Int) #

Creates a new empty Array backed by a buffer that is initially initial_capacity big.

The initial_capacity is useful to avoid unnecessary reallocations of the internal buffer in case of growth. If you have an estimate of the maximum number of elements an array will hold, the array should be initialized with that capacity for improved performance.

ary = Array(Int32).new(5)
ary.size # => 0

[View source]
def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser) #

[View source]
def self.new #

Creates a new empty Array.


[View source]
def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node, &) #

[View source]
def self.new(size : Int, & : Int32 -> T) #

Creates a new Array of the given size and invokes the given block once for each index of self, assigning the block's value in that index.

Array.new(3) { |i| (i + 1) ** 2 } # => [1, 4, 9]

ary = Array.new(3) { [1] }
ary # => [[1], [1], [1]]
ary[0][0] = 2
ary # => [[2], [1], [1]]

[View source]
def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser, &) #

[View source]

Class Method Detail

def self.each_product(arrays : Array(Array), reuse = false, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as Arrays. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block) instead


[View source]
def self.each_product(*arrays : Array, reuse = false, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as Arrays. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block) instead


[View source]
def self.from_json(string_or_io, &) : Nil #

Parses a String or IO denoting a JSON array, yielding each of its elements to the given block. This is useful for decoding an array and processing its elements without creating an Array in memory, which might be expensive.

require "json"

Array(Int32).from_json("[1, 2, 3]") do |element|
  puts element
end

Output:

1
2
3

To parse and get an Array, use the block-less overload.


[View source]
def self.from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO, &) #

[View source]
def self.product(arrays : Array(Array)) #

Returns an Array of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as Arrays. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable)) instead


[View source]
def self.product(*arrays : Array) #

Returns an Array of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as Arrays. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable)) instead


[View source]

Instance Method Detail

def &(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U #

Set intersection: returns a new Array containing elements common to self and other, excluding any duplicates. The order is preserved from self.

[1, 1, 3, 5] & [1, 2, 3]               # => [ 1, 3 ]
['a', 'b', 'b', 'z'] & ['a', 'b', 'c'] # => [ 'a', 'b' ]

See also: #uniq.


[View source]
def *(times : Int) : Array(T) #

Repetition: Returns a new Array built by concatenating times copies of self.

["a", "b", "c"] * 2 # => [ "a", "b", "c", "a", "b", "c" ]

[View source]
def +(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U #

Concatenation. Returns a new Array built by concatenating self and other. The type of the new array is the union of the types of both the original arrays.

[1, 2] + ["a"]  # => [1,2,"a"] of (Int32 | String)
[1, 2] + [2, 3] # => [1,2,2,3]

[View source]
def -(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U #

Difference. Returns a new Array that is a copy of self, removing any items that appear in other. The order of self is preserved.

[1, 2, 3] - [2, 1] # => [3]

[View source]
def <<(value : T) : self #

Append. Alias for #push.

a = [1, 2]
a << 3 # => [1,2,3]

[View source]
def <=>(other : Array) #

Combined comparison operator.

Returns -1, 0 or 1 depending on whether self is less than other, equals other or is greater than other.

It compares the elements of both arrays in the same position using the <=> operator. As soon as one of such comparisons returns a non-zero value, that result is the return value of the comparison.

If all elements are equal, the comparison is based on the size of the arrays.

[8] <=> [1, 2, 3] # => 1
[2] <=> [4, 2, 3] # => -1
[1, 2] <=> [1, 2] # => 0

[View source]
def ==(other : Array) : Bool #

Equality. Returns true if each element in self is equal to each corresponding element in other.

ary = [1, 2, 3]
ary == [1, 2, 3] # => true
ary == [2, 3]    # => false

[View source]
def ==(other : JSON::Any) #

[View source]
def ==(other : YAML::Any) #

[View source]
def ==(other) : Bool #
Description copied from class Reference

Returns false (other can only be a Value here).


[View source]
def [](start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index.

Negative start is added to self.size, thus it's treated as index counting from the end of the array, -1 designating the last element.

Raises IndexError if start index is out of bounds. Raises ArgumentError if count is negative.

a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a[-3, 3] # => ["c", "d", "e"]
a[1, 2]  # => ["b", "c"]
a[5, 1]  # => []
a[6, 1]  # raises IndexError

[View source]
def [](range : Range) : Array(T) #

Returns all elements that are within the given range.

The first element in the returned array is self[range.begin] followed by the next elements up to index range.end (or self[range.end - 1] if the range is exclusive). If there are fewer elements in self, the returned array is shorter than range.size.

a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a[1..3] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
# range.end > array.size
a[3..7] # => ["d", "e"]

Open ended ranges are clamped at the start and end of the array, respectively.

# open ended ranges
a[2..] # => ["c", "d", "e"]
a[..2] # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Negative range values are added to self.size, thus they are treated as indices counting from the end of the array, -1 designating the last element.

# negative indices, both ranges are equivalent for `a`
a[1..3]   # => ["b", "c", "d"]
a[-4..-2] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
# Mixing negative and positive indices, both ranges are equivalent for `a`
a[1..-2] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
a[-4..3] # => ["b", "c", "d"]

Raises IndexError if the start index is out of range (range.begin > self.size || range.begin < -self.size). If range.begin == self.size an empty array is returned. If range.begin > range.end, an empty array is returned.

# range.begin > array.size
a[6..10] # raise IndexError
# range.begin == array.size
a[5..10] # => []
# range.begin > range.end
a[3..1]   # => []
a[-2..-4] # => []
a[-2..1]  # => []
a[3..-4]  # => []

[View source]
def []=(start : Int, count : Int, values : Array(T)) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

[View source]
def []=(start : Int, count : Int, value : T) : T #

Replaces a subrange with a single value. All elements in the range start...start+count are removed and replaced by a single element value.

If count is zero, value is inserted at start.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 0] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[View source]
def []=(range : Range, values : Array(T)) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1..3] = [6, 7, 8]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1..3] = [6, 7]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1..3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[2..] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a # => [1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

[View source]
def []=(range : Range, value : T) #

Replaces a subrange with a single value.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1..3] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1...1] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[2...] = 6
a # => [1, 2, 6]

[View source]
def []=(values : Array(T), *, index start : Int, count : Int) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

DEPRECATED Use #[]=(start, count, values) instead


[View source]
def []=(value : T, *, index start : Int, count : Int) #

Replaces a subrange with a single value. All elements in the range start...start+count are removed and replaced by a single element value.

If count is zero, value is inserted at start.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 3] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 5]

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[1, 0] = 6
a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

DEPRECATED Use #[]=(start, count, value) instead


[View source]
def []?(start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T) | Nil #

Like #[](Int, Int) but returns nil if the start index is out of range.


[View source]
def []?(range : Range) : Array(T) | Nil #

Like #[](Range), but returns nil if range.begin is out of range.

a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a[6..10]? # => nil
a[6..]?   # => nil

[View source]
def |(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U #

Set union: returns a new Array by joining self with other, excluding any duplicates, and preserving the order from self.

["a", "b", "c"] | ["c", "d", "a"] # => [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]

See also: #uniq.


[View source]
def clear : self #

Removes all elements from self.

a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a.clear # => []

[View source]
def clone : Array(T) #

Returns a new Array that has self's elements cloned. That is, it returns a deep copy of self.

Use #dup if you want a shallow copy.

ary = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 = ary.clone
ary[0][0] = 5
ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 # => [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

ary2 << [7, 8]
ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 # => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [7, 8]]

[View source]
def compact #

Returns a copy of self with all nil elements removed.

["a", nil, "b", nil, "c", nil].compact # => ["a", "b", "c"]

[View source]
def compact! : self #

Removes all nil elements from self and returns self.

ary = ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c"]
ary.compact!
ary # => ["a", "b", "c"]

[View source]
def concat(other : Indexable) : self #

Appends the elements of other to self, and returns self.

ary = ["a", "b"]
ary.concat(["c", "d"])
ary # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

[View source]
def concat(other : Enumerable) : self #

Appends the elements of other to self, and returns self.

ary = ["a", "b"]
ary.concat(["c", "d"])
ary # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

[View source]
def delete(obj) : T | Nil #

Removes all items from self that are equal to obj.

Returns the last found element that was equal to obj, if any, or nil if not found.

a = ["a", "b", "b", "b", "c"]
a.delete("b") # => "b"
a             # => ["a", "c"]

a.delete("x") # => nil
a             # => ["a", "c"]

[View source]
def delete_at(start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes count elements from self starting at start. If the size of self is less than count, removes values to the end of the array without error. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of self preserved. Raises IndexError if start is out of range.

a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
a.delete_at(1, 2)  # => ["bat", "cat"]
a                  # => ["ant", "dog"]
a.delete_at(99, 1) # raises IndexError

[View source]
def delete_at(index : Int) : T #

Removes the element at index, returning that element. Raises IndexError if index is out of range.

a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
a.delete_at(2)  # => "cat"
a               # => ["ant", "bat", "dog"]
a.delete_at(99) # raises IndexError

[View source]
def delete_at(range : Range) : self #

Removes all elements within the given range. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of self preserved. Raises IndexError if the index is out of range.

a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
a.delete_at(1..2)    # => ["bat", "cat"]
a                    # => ["ant", "dog"]
a.delete_at(99..100) # raises IndexError

[View source]
def delete_at(*, index start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes count elements from self starting at start. If the size of self is less than count, removes values to the end of the array without error. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of self preserved. Raises IndexError if start is out of range.

a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
a.delete_at(1, 2)  # => ["bat", "cat"]
a                  # => ["ant", "dog"]
a.delete_at(99, 1) # raises IndexError

DEPRECATED Use #delete_at(start, count) instead


[View source]
def dup : Array(T) #

Returns a new Array that has exactly self's elements. That is, it returns a shallow copy of self.

Use #clone if you want a deep copy.

ary = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 = ary.dup
ary[0][0] = 5
ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]

ary2 << [7, 8]
ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
ary2 # => [[5, 2], [3, 4], [7, 8]]

[View source]
def each_repeated_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil #

[View source]
def fill(start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of self, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises IndexError if start is outside the array range.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
a.fill(2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9]

DEPRECATED Use #fill(start.., &) instead


[View source]
def fill(*, from start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of self, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises IndexError if start is outside the array range.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
a.fill(2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9]

DEPRECATED Use #fill(start.., &) instead


[View source]
def fill(*, from start : Int, count : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of self, starting at start and just count times, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises IndexError if start is outside the array range.

Has no effect if count is zero or negative.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
a.fill(2, 2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9, 5, 6]

DEPRECATED Use Indexable::Mutable#fill(start, count, &) instead


[View source]
def fill(value : T, start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the container.

Raises IndexError if the start index is out of range.

Raises ArgumentError if count is negative.

array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
array.fill(9, 2, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]
array               # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

[View source]
def fill(value : T, start : Int) : self #

Replaces every element in self, starting at start, with the given value. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.fill(9, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 9]

DEPRECATED Use #fill(value, start..) instead


[View source]
def fill(value : T, range : Range) : self #

Replaces every element in range with value. Returns self.

Negative values of from count from the end of the array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.fill(9, 2..3) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

[View source]
def fill(value : T) : self #

Replaces every element in self with the given value. Returns self.

array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
array.fill(2) # => [2, 2, 2, 2]
array         # => [2, 2, 2, 2]

[View source]
def fill(value : T, *, from start : Int) : self #

Replaces every element in self, starting at start, with the given value. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.fill(9, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 9]

DEPRECATED Use #fill(value, start..) instead


[View source]
def fill(value : T, *, from start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the container.

Raises IndexError if the start index is out of range.

Raises ArgumentError if count is negative.

array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
array.fill(9, 2, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]
array               # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

DEPRECATED Use #fill(value, start, count) instead


[View source]
def first(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns the first n elements of the array.

[1, 2, 3].first(2) # => [1, 2]
[1, 2, 3].first(4) # => [1, 2, 3]

[View source]
def flatten #

Returns a new Array that is a one-dimensional flattening of self (recursively).

That is, for every element that is an array or an iterator, extract its elements into the new array.

s = [1, 2, 3]          # => [1, 2, 3]
t = [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]  # => [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]
u = [9, [10, 11].each] # => [9, #<Indexable::ItemIterator>]
a = [s, t, u, 12, 13]  # => [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]], 9, #<Indexable::ItemIterator>, 12, 13]
a.flatten              # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]

[View source]
def index(object, offset : Int = 0) #
Description copied from module Indexable(T)

Returns the index of the first appearance of object in self starting from the given offset, or nil if object is not in self.

[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3].index(2, offset: 2) # => 4

[View source]
def insert(index : Int, object : T) : self #

Insert object before the element at index and shifting successive elements, if any. Returns self.

Negative values of index count from the end of the array.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(0, "x")  # => ["x", "a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(2, "y")  # => ["x", "a", "y", "b", "c"]
a.insert(-1, "z") # => ["x", "a", "y", "b", "c", "z"]

[View source]
def insert_all(index : Int, other : Indexable) : self #

Inserts all of the elements from other before the element at index.

This method shifts the element currently at index (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right, increasing their indices. If the value of index is negative, counting starts from the end of the array. For example, -1 indicates insertion after the last element, -2 before the last element.

Raises IndexError if the index is out of bounds.

fruits = ["Apple"]
newFruits = ["Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]

fruits.insert_all(1, newFruits)             # => ["Apple", "Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]
fruits.insert_all(-3, ["Banana", "Cherry"]) # => ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]

fruits.insert_all(6, ["invalid"])  # raises IndexError
fruits.insert_all(-7, ["indices"]) # raises IndexError

[View source]
def inspect(io : IO) : Nil #
Description copied from class Reference

Appends a String representation of this object which includes its class name, its object address and the values of all instance variables.

class Person
  def initialize(@name : String, @age : Int32)
  end
end

Person.new("John", 32).inspect # => #<Person:0x10fd31f20 @name="John", @age=32>

[View source]
def last(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns the last n elements of the array.

[1, 2, 3].last(2) # => [2, 3]
[1, 2, 3].last(4) # => [1, 2, 3]

[View source]
def map(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U #

Optimized version of Enumerable#map.


[View source]
def map_with_index(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> _) #

Optimized version of Enumerable#map_with_index.

Accepts an optional offset parameter, which tells it to start counting from there.

gems = ["crystal", "pearl", "diamond"]
results = gems.map_with_index { |gem, i| "#{i}: #{gem}" }
results # => ["0: crystal", "1: pearl", "2: diamond"]

[View source]
def pop(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Removes the last n values from self, at index size - 1. This method returns an array of the removed values, with the original order preserved.

If n is greater than the size of self, all values will be removed from self without raising an error.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.pop(2) # => ["b", "c"]
a        # => ["a"]

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.pop(4) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a        # => []

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def pop : T #

Removes the last value from self, at index size - 1. This method returns the removed value. Raises IndexError if array is of 0 size.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.pop # => "c"
a     # => ["a", "b"]

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def pop(&) #

Removes the last value from self. If the array is empty, the given block is called.

a = [1]
a.pop { "Testing" } # => 1
a.pop { "Testing" } # => "Testing"

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def pop? : T | Nil #

Like #pop, but returns nil if self is empty.

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def pretty_print(pp) : Nil #

[View source]
def product(ary : Array(U)) forall U #

Returns an Array of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of self and ary as Tuples. Traversal of elements starts from ary.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable#cartesian_product(*others : Indexable) instead


[View source]
def product(enumerable : Enumerable, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of self and enumerable as a Tuple. Traversal of elements starts from enumerable.

DEPRECATED Use Indexable#each_cartesian(*others : Indexable, &block) instead


[View source]
def push(value : T) : self #

Append. Pushes one value to the end of self, given that the type of the value is T (which might be a single type or a union of types). This method returns self, so several calls can be chained. See #pop for the opposite effect.

a = ["a", "b"]
a.push("c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.push(1)   # Errors, because the array only accepts String.

a = ["a", "b"] of (Int32 | String)
a.push("c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.push(1)   # => ["a", "b", "c", 1]

[View source]
def push(*values : T) : self #

Append multiple values. The same as #push, but takes an arbitrary number of values to push into self. Returns self.

a = ["a"]
a.push("b", "c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]

[View source]
def reject!(& : T -> ) : self #

Modifies self, deleting the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy. Returns self.

ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
ary.reject! { |x| x > 3 }
ary # => [1, 2]

See also: Array#reject.


[View source]
def reject!(pattern) : self #

Modifies self, deleting the elements in the collection for which pattern === element.

ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
ary.reject!(3..7)
ary # => [1, 2, 8]

See also: Array#select!.


[View source]
def remaining_capacity : Int32 #

[View source]
def repeated_permutations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) #

[View source]
def replace(other : Array) : self #

Replaces the contents of self with the contents of other. This resizes the Array to a greater capacity but does not free memory if the given array is smaller.

a1 = [1, 2, 3]
a1.replace([1])
a1                    # => [1]
a1.remaining_capacity # => 3
a2 = [1]
a2.replace([1, 2, 3])
a2 # => [1, 2, 3]

[View source]
def reverse : Array(T) #

Returns an array with all the elements in the collection reversed.

a = [1, 2, 3]
a.reverse # => [3, 2, 1]

[View source]
def rotate(n = 1) : Array(T) #

Returns an array with all the elements shifted to the left n times.

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
a.rotate    # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
a.rotate(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
a.rotate(3) # => [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]
a           # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

[View source]
def rotate!(n : Int = 1) : self #

Shifts all elements of self to the left n times. Returns self.

a1 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
a2 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
a3 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

a1.rotate!
a2.rotate!(1)
a3.rotate!(3)

a1 # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
a2 # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
a3 # => [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]

[View source]
def select!(& : T -> ) : self #

Modifies self, keeping only the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy. Returns self.

ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
ary.select! { |x| x > 3 }
ary # => [6, 4, 8]

See also: Array#select.


[View source]
def select!(pattern) : self #

Modifies self, keeping only the elements in the collection for which pattern === element.

ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
ary.select!(3..7)
ary # => [6, 4]

See also: Array#reject!.


[View source]
def shift(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Removes the first n values of self, starting at index 0. This method returns an array of the removed values.

If n is greater than the size of self, all values will be removed from self without raising an error.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.shift # => "a"
a       # => ["b", "c"]

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.shift(4) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a          # => []

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def shift : T #

Removes the first value of self, at index 0. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it raises IndexError.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.shift # => "a"
a       # => ["b", "c"]

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def shift(&) #

Removes the first value of self, at index 0, or otherwise invokes the given block. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it invokes the given block and returns its value.

a = ["a"]
a.shift { "empty!" } # => "a"
a                    # => []
a.shift { "empty!" } # => "empty!"
a                    # => []

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def shift? : T | Nil #

Removes the first value of self, at index 0. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it returns nil without raising any error.

a = ["a", "b"]
a.shift? # => "a"
a        # => ["b"]
a.shift? # => "b"
a        # => []
a.shift? # => nil
a        # => []

See also: #truncate.


[View source]
def shuffle(random : Random = Random::DEFAULT) : Array(T) #

Returns an array with all the elements in the collection randomized using the given random number generator.


[View source]
def size : Int32 #

Returns the number of elements in the array.

[:foo, :bar].size # => 2

[View source]
def skip(count : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns an Array with the first count elements removed from the original array.

If count is bigger than the number of elements in the array, returns an empty array.

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].skip(3) # => [4, 5, 6]

[View source]
def sort : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method T#<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using a stable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
a.sort # => [1, 2, 3]
a      # => [3, 1, 2]

See Indexable::Mutable#sort! for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two elements returns nil.


[View source]
def sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
b = a.sort { |a, b| b <=> a }

b # => [3, 2, 1]
a # => [3, 1, 2]

See Indexable::Mutable#sort!(&block : T, T -> U) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if for any two elements the block returns nil.


[View source]
def sort! : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in self based on the return value of the comparison method T#<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using a stable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
a.sort!
a # => [1, 2, 3]

This sort operation modifies self. See #sort for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See Slice#sort! for details on the implementation.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two elements returns nil.


[View source]
def sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U #

Sorts all elements in self based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

The block must implement a comparison between two elements a and b, where a < b returns -1, a == b returns 0, and a > b returns 1. The comparison operator <=> can be used for this.

a = [3, 1, 2]
# This is a reverse sort (forward sort would be `a <=> b`)
a.sort! { |a, b| b <=> a }
a # => [3, 2, 1]

This sort operation modifies self. See #sort(&block : T, T -> U) for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See Slice#sort!(&block : T, T -> U) for details on the implementation.

Raises ArgumentError if for any two elements the block returns nil.


[View source]
def sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method T#<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using a stable sort algorithm.

a = %w(apple pear fig)
b = a.sort_by { |word| word.size }
b # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
a # => ["apple", "pear", "fig"]

If stability is expendable, #unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _) provides a performance advantage over stable sort.

See Indexable::Mutable#sort_by!(&block : T -> _) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two comparison values returns nil.


[View source]
def sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in self by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method #<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using a stable sort algorithm.

a = %w(apple pear fig)
a.sort_by! { |word| word.size }
a # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]

This sort operation modifies self. See #sort_by(&block : T -> _) for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

If stability is expendable, #unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) provides a performance advantage over stable sort.

See #sort!(&block : T -> _) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two comparison values returns nil.


[View source]
def to_a : self #
Description copied from module Indexable(T)

Returns an Array with all the elements in the collection.

{1, 2, 3}.to_a # => [1, 2, 3]

[View source]
def to_json(json : JSON::Builder) : Nil #

[View source]
def to_s(io : IO) : Nil #

Prints a nicely readable and concise string representation of this array to io.

The result resembles an array literal but it does not necessarily compile.

Each element is presented using its #inspect(io) result to avoid ambiguity.


[View source]
def to_unsafe : Pointer(T) #

Returns a pointer to the internal buffer where self's elements are stored.

This method is unsafe because it returns a pointer, and the pointed might eventually not be that of self if the array grows and its internal buffer is reallocated.

ary = [1, 2, 3]
ary.to_unsafe[0] # => 1

[View source]
def to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder) : Nil #

[View source]
def transpose #

Assumes that self is an array of arrays and transposes the rows and columns.

a = [[:a, :b], [:c, :d], [:e, :f]]
a.transpose # => [[:a, :c, :e], [:b, :d, :f]]
a           # => [[:a, :b], [:c, :d], [:e, :f]]

[View source]
def truncate(start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes all elements except the count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index. Returns self.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises IndexError if the start index is out of range.

Raises ArgumentError if count is negative.

a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
a.truncate(2, 3) # => [4, 9, 16]
a                # => [4, 9, 16]

See also: #pop, #shift.


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def truncate(range : Range) : self #

Removes all elements except those within the given range. Returns self.

a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
a.truncate(1..-3) # => [1, 4, 9]
a                 # => [1, 4, 9]

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def uniq : Array(T) #

Returns a new Array by removing duplicate values in self.

a = ["a", "a", "b", "b", "c"]
a.uniq # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a      # => [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]

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def uniq(& : T -> ) : Array(T) #

Returns a new Array by removing duplicate values in self, using the block's value for comparison.

a = [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
a.uniq { |s| s[0] } # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
a                   # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]

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def uniq! : self #

Removes duplicate elements from self. Returns self.

a = ["a", "a", "b", "b", "c"]
a.uniq! # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a       # => ["a", "b", "c"]

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def uniq!(& : T -> ) : self #

Removes duplicate elements from self, using the block's value for comparison. Returns self.

a = [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
a.uniq! { |s| s[0] } # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
a                    # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]

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def unsafe_fetch(index : Int) : T #
Description copied from module Indexable(T)

Returns the element at the given index, without doing any bounds check.

Indexable makes sure to invoke this method with index in 0...size, so converting negative indices to positive ones is not needed here.

Clients never invoke this method directly. Instead, they access elements with #[](index) and #[]?(index).

This method should only be directly invoked if you are absolutely sure the index is in bounds, to avoid a bounds check for a small boost of performance.


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def unsafe_put(index : Int, value : T) #
Description copied from module Indexable::Mutable(T)

Sets the element at the given index to value, without doing any bounds check.

Indexable::Mutable makes sure to invoke this method with index in 0...size, so converting negative indices to positive ones is not needed here.

Clients never invoke this method directly. Instead, they modify elements with #[]=(index, value).

This method should only be directly invoked if you are absolutely sure the index is in bounds, to avoid a bounds check for a small boost of performance.


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def unshift(object : T) : self #

Prepend. Adds object to the beginning of self, given that the type of the value is T (which might be a single type or a union of types). This method returns self, so several calls can be chained. See #shift for the opposite effect.

a = ["a", "b"]
a.unshift("c") # => ["c", "a", "b"]
a.unshift(1)   # Errors, because the array only accepts String.

a = ["a", "b"] of (Int32 | String)
a.unshift("c") # => ["c", "a", "b"]
a.unshift(1)   # => [1, "c", "a", "b"]

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def unshift(*values : T) : self #

Prepend multiple values. The same as #unshift, but takes an arbitrary number of values to add to the array. Returns self.


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def unstable_sort : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method T#<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using an unstable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
a.unstable_sort # => [1, 2, 3]
a               # => [3, 1, 2]

See Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort! for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two elements returns nil.


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def unstable_sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
b = a.unstable_sort { |a, b| b <=> a }

b # => [3, 2, 1]
a # => [3, 1, 2]

See Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if for any two elements the block returns nil.


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def unstable_sort! : self #

Sorts all elements in self based on the return value of the comparison method T#<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using an unstable sort algorithm.

a = [3, 1, 2]
a.unstable_sort!
a # => [1, 2, 3]

This sort operation modifies self. See #unstable_sort for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See Slice#unstable_sort! for details on the implementation.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two elements returns nil.


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def unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U #

Sorts all elements in self based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

The block must implement a comparison between two elements a and b, where a < b returns -1, a == b returns 0, and a > b returns 1. The comparison operator <=> can be used for this.

a = [3, 1, 2]
# This is a reverse sort (forward sort would be `a <=> b`)
a.unstable_sort! { |a, b| b <=> a }
a # => [3, 2, 1]

This sort operation modifies self. See #unstable_sort(&block : T, T -> U) for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See Slice#unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) for details on the implementation.

Raises ArgumentError if for any two elements the block returns nil.


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def unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method #<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using an unstable sort algorithm.

a = %w(apple pear fig)
b = a.unstable_sort_by { |word| word.size }
b # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
a # => ["apple", "pear", "fig"]

If stability is necessary, use #sort_by(&block : T -> _) instead.

See Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort!(&block : T -> _) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two comparison values returns nil.


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def unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in self by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method #<=> (see Comparable#<=>), using an unstable sort algorithm.

a = %w(apple pear fig)
a.unstable_sort_by! { |word| word.size }
a # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]

This sort operation modifies self. See #unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _) for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

If stability is necessary, use #sort_by!(&block : T -> _) instead.

See #unstable_sort!(&block : T -> _) for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises ArgumentError if the comparison between any two comparison values returns nil.


[View source]