struct Tuple(*T)
Overview
A tuple is a fixed-size, immutable, stack-allocated sequence of values of possibly different types.
You can think of a Tuple
as an immutable Array
whose types for each position
are known at compile time.
A tuple can be created with the usual new
method or with a tuple literal:
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'} # Tuple(Int32, String, Char)
tuple[0] # => 1
tuple[1] # => "hello"
tuple[2] # => 'x'
The compiler knows what types are in each position, so when indexing a tuple with an integer literal the compiler will return the value in that index and with the expected type, like in the above snippet. Indexing with an integer literal outside the bounds of the tuple will give a compile-time error.
Indexing with an integer value that is only known at runtime will return
a value whose type is the union of all the types in the tuple, and might raise
IndexError
.
Tuples are the preferred way to return fixed-size multiple return values because no memory is needed to be allocated for them:
def one_and_hello
{1, "hello"}
end
one, hello = one_and_hello
one # => 1
hello # => "hello"
Good examples of the above are Number#divmod
and Enumerable#minmax
.
Tuples can be splat with the *
operator and passed to methods:
def multiply(string, value)
string * value
end
tuple = {"hey", 2}
value = multiply(*tuple) # same as multiply tuple[0], tuple[1]
value # => "heyhey"
Finally, when using a splat argument in a method definition its type will be a tuple of the call arguments:
def splat_test(*args)
args
end
tuple = splat_test 1, "hello", 'x'
tuple.class # => Tuple(Int32, String, Char)
tuple # => {1, "hello", 'x'}
Included Modules
Defined in:
tuple.crjson/to_json.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr
Constructors
-
.from(array : Array) : self
Creates a tuple from the given array, with elements casted to the given types.
- .new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node)
- .new(pull : JSON::PullParser)
-
.new(*args : *T)
Creates a tuple that will contain the given arguments.
Class Method Summary
-
.types
Returns the types of this tuple type.
Instance Method Summary
-
#+(other : Tuple)
Returns a tuple that contains
self
's elements followed by other's elements. -
#<=>(other : self)
Implements the comparison operator.
-
#<=>(other : Tuple)
Implements the comparison operator.
-
#==(other : self)
Returns
true
if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple and their elements are equal to each other when compared with#==
. -
#==(other : Tuple)
Returns
true
if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple and their elements are equal to each other when compared with#==
. - #==(other)
-
#===(other : self)
Returns
true
if case equality holds for the elements inself
and other. -
#===(other : Tuple)
Returns
true
ifself
and other have the same size and case equality holds for the elements inself
and other. -
#[](index : Int)
Returns the element at the given index.
-
#[]?(index : Int)
Returns the element at the given index or
nil
if out of bounds. -
#at(index : Int)
Returns the element at the given index or raises IndexError if out of bounds.
-
#at(index : Int, &block)
Returns the element at the given index or the value returned by the block if out of bounds.
-
#clone
Returns a tuple containing cloned elements of this tuple using the
#clone
method. -
#each(&block) : Nil
Yields each of the elements in this tuple.
-
#first
Returns the first element of this tuple.
-
#first?
Returns the first element of this tuple, or
nil
if this is the empty tuple. -
#from(array : Array)
Expects to be called on a tuple of types, creates a tuple from the given array, with types casted appropriately.
- #hash(hasher)
-
#inspect
Same as
#to_s
. -
#last
Returns the last element of this tuple.
-
#last?
Returns the last element of this tuple, or
nil
if this is the empty tuple. -
#map(&block)
Returns a new tuple where elements are mapped by the given block.
-
#map_with_index(&block)
Like
#map
, but the block gets passed both the element and its index. - #pretty_print(pp) : Nil
-
#reverse
Returns a new tuple where the elements are in reverse order.
-
#reverse_each(&block)
Yields each of the elements in this tuple in reverse order.
-
#size
Returns the number of elements in this tuple.
- #to_json(json : JSON::Builder)
-
#to_s(io)
Appends a string representation of this tuple to the given
IO
. - #to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder)
- #unsafe_at(index : Int)
Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Tuple(*T))
<(other : T)
<,
<=(other : T)
<=,
<=>(other : T)
<=>,
==(other : T)
==,
>(other : T)
>,
>=(other : T)
>=
Instance methods inherited from module Indexable(Union(*T))
[](index : Int)
[],
[]?(index : Int)
[]?,
at(index : Int, &block)at(index : Int) at, bsearch(&block) bsearch, bsearch_index(&block) bsearch_index, each(&block)
each
each(*, start : Int, count : Int, &block)
each(*, within range : Range(Int, Int), &block) each, each_index(*, start : Int, count : Int, &block)
each_index(&block) : Nil
each_index each_index, empty? empty?, equals?(other, &block)
equals?(other : Indexable, &block) equals?, first(&block)
first first, first? first?, hash(hasher) hash, index(object, offset : Int = 0)
index(offset : Int = 0, &block) index, last(&block)
last last, last? last?, reverse_each(&block) : Nil
reverse_each reverse_each, rindex(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex(offset = size - 1, &block) rindex, sample(random = Random::DEFAULT) sample, size size, to_a to_a, unsafe_at(index : Int) unsafe_at, values_at(*indexes : Int) values_at, zip(other : Indexable(U), &block : Union(T), U -> ) forall U
zip(other : Indexable(U)) : Array(Tuple(Union(T), U)) forall U zip, zip?(other : Indexable(U), &block : Union(T), U? -> ) forall U
zip?(other : Indexable(U)) : Array(Tuple(Union(T), U?)) forall U zip?
Instance methods inherited from module Enumerable(Union(*T))
all?(&block)all? all?, any?(&block)
any? any?, chunks(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U chunks, compact_map(&block) compact_map, count(&block)
count(item) count, cycle(n, &block)
cycle(&block) cycle, each(&block : Union(T) -> _) each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_cons, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_slice, each_with_index(offset = 0, &block) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj, &block) each_with_object, find(if_none = nil, &block) find, first(count : Int)
first first, first? first?, flat_map(&block : Union(T) -> Array(U) | Iterator(U) | U) forall U flat_map, grep(pattern) grep, group_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U group_by, in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &block) forall U in_groups_of, includes?(obj) includes?, index(&block)
index(obj) index, index_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U index_by, join(separator, io)
join(separator = "")
join(separator, io, &block)
join(separator = "", &block) join, map(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U map, map_with_index(&block : Union(T), Int32 -> U) forall U map_with_index, max max, max? max?, max_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_by, max_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_by?, max_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_of, max_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_of?, min min, min? min?, min_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_by, min_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_by?, min_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_of, min_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_of?, minmax minmax, minmax? minmax?, minmax_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_by, minmax_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_by?, minmax_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_of, minmax_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_of?, none?(&block)
none? none?, one?(&block) one?, partition(&block) partition, product(&block)
product(initial : Number, &block)
product
product(initial : Number) product, reduce(&block)
reduce(memo, &block) reduce, reject(&block : Union(T) -> ) reject, select(&block : Union(T) -> ) select, size size, skip(count : Int) skip, skip_while(&block) skip_while, sum(initial)
sum
sum(initial, &block)
sum(&block) sum, take_while(&block) take_while, to_a to_a, to_h to_h, to_set to_set
Instance methods inherited from module Iterable(Union(*T))
chunk(reuse = false, &block : Union(T) -> U) forall U
chunk,
cycle(n)cycle cycle, each each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false) each_cons, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false) each_slice, each_with_index(offset = 0) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj) each_with_object
Instance methods inherited from struct Value
==(other : JSON::Any)==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other) ==, dup dup
Instance methods inherited from class Object
!=(other)
!=,
!~(other)
!~,
==(other)
==,
===(other : JSON::Any)===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other) ===, =~(other) =~, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash hash, inspect(io : IO)
inspect inspect, itself itself, not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, tap(&block) tap, to_json(io : IO)
to_json to_json, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ") to_pretty_json, to_s
to_s(io : IO) to_s, to_yaml(io : IO)
to_yaml to_yaml, try(&block) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as
Constructor methods inherited from class Object
from_json(string_or_io, root : String) : selffrom_json(string_or_io) : self from_json, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) : self from_yaml
Constructor Detail
Creates a tuple from the given array, with elements casted to the given types.
Tuple(String, Int64).from(["world", 2]) # => {"world", 2}
Tuple(String, Int64).from(["world", 2]).class # => {String, Int64}
See also: #from
.
Creates a tuple that will contain the given arguments.
This method is useful in macros and generic code because with it you can creates empty tuples, something that you can't do with a tuple literal.
Tuple.new(1, "hello", 'x') #=> {1, "hello", 'x'}
Tuple.new #=> {}
{} # syntax error
Class Method Detail
Returns the types of this tuple type.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.class.types # => {Int32, String, Char}
Instance Method Detail
Returns a tuple that contains self
's elements followed by other's elements.
t1 = {1, 2}
t2 = {"foo", "bar"}
t3 = t1 + t2
t3 # => {1, 2, "foo", "bar"}
typeof(t3) # => Tuple(Int32, Int32, String, String)
Implements the comparison operator.
Each object in each tuple is compared (using the #<=>
operator).
Tuples are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of this tuple is
compared with the first one of other using the #<=>
operator, then each of the second elements,
etc. As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero
(i.e. the two corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the whole tuple comparison.
If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of the tuple sizes.
Thus, two tuples are "equal" according to #<=>
if, and only if, they have the same size
and the value of each element is equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other tuple.
{"a", "a", "c"} <=> {"a", "b", "c"} # => -1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} <=> {1, 2} # => +1
{1, 2} <=> {1, 2.0} # => 0
See also: Object#<=>
.
Implements the comparison operator.
Each object in each tuple is compared (using the #<=>
operator).
Tuples are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of this tuple is
compared with the first one of other using the #<=>
operator, then each of the second elements,
etc. As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero
(i.e. the two corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the whole tuple comparison.
If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of the tuple sizes.
Thus, two tuples are "equal" according to #<=>
if, and only if, they have the same size
and the value of each element is equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other tuple.
{"a", "a", "c"} <=> {"a", "b", "c"} # => -1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} <=> {1, 2} # => +1
{1, 2} <=> {1, 2.0} # => 0
See also: Object#<=>
.
Returns true
if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple
and their elements are equal to each other when compared with #==
.
t1 = {1, "hello"}
t2 = {1.0, "hello"}
t3 = {2, "hello"}
t1 == t2 # => true
t1 == t3 # => false
Returns true
if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple
and their elements are equal to each other when compared with #==
.
t1 = {1, "hello"}
t2 = {1.0, "hello"}
t3 = {2, "hello"}
t1 == t2 # => true
t1 == t3 # => false
Returns true
if case equality holds for the elements in self
and other.
{1, 2} === {1, 2} # => true
{1, 2} === {1, 3} # => false
See also: Object#===
.
Returns true
if self
and other have the same size and case equality holds
for the elements in self
and other.
{1, 2} === {1, 2, 3} # => false
{/o+/, "bar"} === {"foo", "bar"} # => true
See also: Object#===
.
Returns the element at the given index. Read the type docs to understand the difference between indexing with a number literal or a variable.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple[0] # => 1 (Int32)
tuple[3] # compile error: index out of bounds for tuple {Int32, String, Char}
i = 0
tuple[i] # => 1 (Int32 | String | Char)
i = 3
tuple[i] # raises IndexError
Returns the element at the given index or nil
if out of bounds.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple[0]? # => 1
tuple[3]? # => nil
Returns the element at the given index or raises IndexError if out of bounds.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.at(0) # => 1
tuple.at(3) # raises IndexError
Returns the element at the given index or the value returned by the block if out of bounds.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.at(0) { 10 } # => 1
tuple.at(3) { 10 } # => 10
Yields each of the elements in this tuple.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.each do |value|
puts value
end
Output:
1
"hello"
'x'
Returns the first element of this tuple. Doesn't compile if the tuple is empty.
tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.first # => 1
Returns the first element of this tuple, or nil
if this
is the empty tuple.
tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.first? # => 1
empty = Tuple.new
empty.first? # => nil
Expects to be called on a tuple of types, creates a tuple from the given array, with types casted appropriately.
This allows you to easily pass an array as individual arguments to a method.
def speak_about(thing : String, n : Int64)
"I see #{n} #{thing}s"
end
data = JSON.parse(%(["world", 2])).as_a
speak_about(*{String, Int64}.from(data)) # => "I see 2 worlds"
Returns the last element of this tuple. Doesn't compile if the tuple is empty.
tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.last # => 2.5
Returns the last element of this tuple, or nil
if this
is the empty tuple.
tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.last? # => 2.5
empty = Tuple.new
empty.last? # => nil
Returns a new tuple where elements are mapped by the given block.
tuple = {1, 2.5, "a"}
tuple.map &.to_s # => {"1", "2.5", "a"}
Like #map
, but the block gets passed both the element and its index.
tuple = {1, 2.5, "a"}
tuple.map_with_index { |e, i| "tuple[#{i}]: #{e}" } # => {"tuple[0]: 1", "tuple[1]: 2.5", "tuple[2]: a"}
Returns a new tuple where the elements are in reverse order.
tuple = {1, 2.5, "a"}
tuple.reverse # => {"a", 2.5, 1}
Yields each of the elements in this tuple in reverse order.
tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.reverse_each do |value|
puts value
end
Output:
'x'
"hello"
1