struct Char
Overview
A Char
represents a Unicode code point.
It occupies 32 bits.
It is created by enclosing an UTF-8 character in single quotes.
'a'
'z'
'0'
'_'
'あ'
You can use a backslash to denote some characters:
'\'' # single quote
'\\' # backslash
'\e' # escape
'\f' # form feed
'\n' # newline
'\r' # carriage return
'\t' # tab
'\v' # vertical tab
You can use a backslash followed by at most three digits to denote a code point written in octal:
You can use a backslash followed by an u and four hexadecimal characters to denote a unicode codepoint written:
'\u0041' # == 'A'
Or you can use curly braces and specify up to four hexadecimal numbers:
'\u{41}' # == 'A'
Included Modules
Defined in:
char.crchar/reader.cr
primitives.cr
Constant Summary
-
MAX =
1114111.unsafe_chr
-
The maximum character.
-
MAX_CODEPOINT =
1114111
-
The maximum valid codepoint for a character.
-
REPLACEMENT =
'�'
-
The replacement character, used on invalid utf-8 byte sequences
-
ZERO =
'\u{0}'
-
The character representing the end of a C string.
Instance Method Summary
-
#!=(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is not equal to other's codepoint. -
#+(str : String)
Concatenates this char and string.
-
#+(other : Int) : Char
Returns a char that has this char's codepoint plus other.
-
#-(other : Char)
Returns the difference of the codepoint values of this char and other.
-
#-(other : Int) : Char
Returns a char that has this char's codepoint minus other.
-
#<(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is less than other's codepoint. -
#<=(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is less than or equal to other's codepoint. -
#<=>(other : Char)
Implements the comparison operator.
-
#==(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is equal to other's codepoint. -
#===(byte : Int)
Returns
true
if the codepoint is equal to byte ignoring the type. -
#>(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is greater than other's codepoint. -
#>=(other : Char) : Bool
Returns
true
ifself
's codepoint is greater than or equal to other's codepoint. -
#alphanumeric?
Returns
true
if this char is a letter or a number according to unicode. -
#ascii?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII character (codepoint is in (0..127)) -
#ascii_alphanumeric?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII letter or number ('0' to '9', 'a' to 'z', 'A' to 'Z'). -
#ascii_control?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII control character. -
#ascii_letter?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII letter ('a' to 'z', 'A' to 'Z'). -
#ascii_lowercase?
Returns
true
if this char is a lowercase ASCII letter. -
#ascii_number?(base : Int = 10)
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII number in specified base. -
#ascii_uppercase?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII uppercase letter. -
#ascii_whitespace?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII whitespace. - #bytes
-
#bytesize
Returns the number of UTF-8 bytes in this char.
- #clone
-
#control?
Returns
true
if this char is a control character according to unicode. -
#downcase(options = Unicode::CaseOptions::None)
Returns the downcase equivalent of this char.
-
#downcase(options = Unicode::CaseOptions::None, &block)
Yields each char for the downcase equivalent of this char.
-
#dump
Returns this char as a string that contains a char literal as written in Crystal, with characters with a codepoint greater than
0x79
written as\u{...}
. -
#dump(io)
Appends this char as a string that contains a char literal to the given
IO
. -
#each_byte(&block) : Nil
Yields each of the bytes of this char as encoded by UTF-8.
- #hash(hasher)
-
#hex?
Returns
true
if this char is an ASCII hex digit ('0' to '9', 'a' to 'f', 'A' to 'F'). -
#in_set?(*sets : String)
Returns
true
if this char is matched by the given sets. -
#inspect
Returns this char as a string that contains a char literal.
-
#inspect(io)
Appends this char as a string that contains a char literal to the given
IO
. -
#letter?
Returns
true
if this char is a letter. -
#lowercase?
Returns
true
if this char is a lowercase letter. -
#mark?
Returns
true
if this is char is a mark character according to unicode. -
#number?
Returns
true
if this char is a number according to unicode. -
#ord : Int32
Returns the codepoint of this char.
-
#pred
Returns a Char that is one codepoint smaller than this char's codepoint.
-
#succ
Returns a Char that is one codepoint bigger than this char's codepoint.
-
#to_f
Returns the integer value of this char as a float if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit, raises otherwise.
-
#to_f32
See also:
#to_f
. -
#to_f32?
See also:
#to_f?
. -
#to_f64
Same as
#to_f
. -
#to_f64?
Same as
#to_f?
. -
#to_f?
Returns the integer value of this char as a float if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit,
nil
otherwise. -
#to_i(base : Int = 10) : Int32
Returns the integer value of this char if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit in base, raises otherwise.
-
#to_i16(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_i16?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_i32(base : Int = 10) : Int32
Same as
#to_i
. -
#to_i32?(base : Int = 10) : Int32?
Same as
#to_i?
. -
#to_i64(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_i64?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_i8(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_i8?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_i?(base : Int = 10) : Int32?
Returns the integer value of this char if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit in base,
nil
otherwise. -
#to_s
Returns this char as a string containing this char as a single character.
-
#to_s(io : IO)
Appends this char to the given
IO
. -
#to_u16(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_u16?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_u32(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_u32?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_u64(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_u64?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#to_u8(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i
. -
#to_u8?(base : Int = 10)
See also:
#to_i?
. -
#upcase(options = Unicode::CaseOptions::None, &block)
Yields each char for the upcase equivalent of this char.
-
#upcase(options = Unicode::CaseOptions::None)
Returns the upcase equivalent of this char.
-
#uppercase?
Returns
true
if this char is an uppercase letter. -
#whitespace?
Returns
true
if this char is a whitespace according to unicode.
Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Char)
<(other : T)
<,
<=(other : T)
<=,
<=>(other : T)
<=>,
==(other : T)
==,
>(other : T)
>,
>=(other : T)
>=
Instance methods inherited from struct Value
==(other : JSON::Any)==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other) ==, dup dup
Instance methods inherited from class Object
!=(other)
!=,
!~(other)
!~,
==(other)
==,
===(other : JSON::Any)===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other) ===, =~(other) =~, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash hash, inspect(io : IO)
inspect inspect, itself itself, not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, tap(&block) tap, to_json(io : IO)
to_json to_json, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ") to_pretty_json, to_s
to_s(io : IO) to_s, to_yaml(io : IO)
to_yaml to_yaml, try(&block) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as
Constructor methods inherited from class Object
from_json(string_or_io, root : String) : selffrom_json(string_or_io) : self from_json, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) : self from_yaml
Instance Method Detail
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is not equal to other's codepoint.
Returns a char that has this char's codepoint plus other.
'a' + 1 # => 'b'
'a' + 2 # => 'c'
Returns the difference of the codepoint values of this char and other.
'a' - 'a' # => 0
'b' - 'a' # => 1
'c' - 'a' # => 2
Returns a char that has this char's codepoint minus other.
'c' - 1 # => 'b'
'c' - 2 # => 'a'
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is less than other's codepoint.
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is less than or equal to other's codepoint.
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is equal to other's codepoint.
Returns true
if the codepoint is equal to byte ignoring the type.
'c'.ord # => 99
'c' === 99_u8 # => true
'c' === 99 # => true
'z' === 99 # => false
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is greater than other's codepoint.
Returns true
if self
's codepoint is greater than or equal to other's codepoint.
Returns true
if this char is a letter or a number according to unicode.
'c'.alphanumeric? # => true
'8'.alphanumeric? # => true
'.'.alphanumeric? # => false
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII letter or number ('0' to '9', 'a' to 'z', 'A' to 'Z').
'c'.ascii_alphanumeric? # => true
'8'.ascii_alphanumeric? # => true
'.'.ascii_alphanumeric? # => false
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII control character.
('\u0000'..'\u0019').each do |char|
char.control? # => true
end
('\u007F'..'\u009F').each do |char|
char.control? # => true
end
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII letter ('a' to 'z', 'A' to 'Z').
'c'.ascii_letter? # => true
'á'.ascii_letter? # => false
'8'.ascii_letter? # => false
Returns true
if this char is a lowercase ASCII letter.
'c'.ascii_lowercase? # => true
'ç'.lowercase? # => true
'G'.ascii_lowercase? # => false
'.'.ascii_lowercase? # => false
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII number in specified base.
Base can be from 0 to 36 with digits from '0' to '9' and 'a' to 'z' or 'A' to 'Z'.
'4'.ascii_number? # => true
'z'.ascii_number? # => false
'z'.ascii_number?(36) # => true
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII uppercase letter.
'H'.ascii_uppercase? # => true
'Á'.ascii_uppercase? # => false
'c'.ascii_uppercase? # => false
'.'.ascii_uppercase? # => false
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII whitespace.
' '.ascii_whitespace? # => true
'\t'.ascii_whitespace? # => true
'b'.ascii_whitespace? # => false
Returns this char bytes as encoded by UTF-8, as an Array(UInt8)
.
'a'.bytes # => [97]
'あ'.bytes # => [227, 129, 130]
Returns the number of UTF-8 bytes in this char.
'a'.bytesize # => 1
'好'.bytesize # => 3
Returns the downcase equivalent of this char.
Note that this only works for characters whose downcase equivalent yields a single codepoint. There are a few characters, like 'İ', than when downcased result in multiple characters (in this case: 'I' and the dot mark).
For a more correct method see the method that receives a block.
'Z'.downcase # => 'z'
'x'.downcase # => 'x'
'.'.downcase # => '.'
Yields each char for the downcase equivalent of this char.
This method takes into account the possibility that an downcase version of a char might result in multiple chars, like for 'İ', which results in 'i' and a dot mark.
Returns this char as a string that contains a char literal as written in Crystal,
with characters with a codepoint greater than 0x79
written as \u{...}
.
'a'.dump # => "'a'"
'\t'.dump # => "'\\t'"
'あ'.dump # => "'\\u{3042}'"
'\u0012'.dump # => "'\\u{12}'"
Yields each of the bytes of this char as encoded by UTF-8.
puts "'a'"
'a'.each_byte do |byte|
puts byte
end
puts
puts "'あ'"
'あ'.each_byte do |byte|
puts byte
end
Output:
'a'
97
'あ'
227
129
130
Returns true
if this char is an ASCII hex digit ('0' to '9', 'a' to 'f', 'A' to 'F').
'5'.hex? # => true
'a'.hex? # => true
'F'.hex? # => true
'g'.hex? # => false
Returns true
if this char is matched by the given sets.
Each parameter defines a set, the character is matched against the intersection of those, in other words it needs to match all sets.
If a set starts with a ^, it is negated. The sequence c1-c2 means all characters between and including c1 and c2 and is known as a range.
The backslash character \ can be used to escape ^ or - and is otherwise ignored unless it appears at the end of a range or set.
'l'.in_set? "lo" # => true
'l'.in_set? "lo", "o" # => false
'l'.in_set? "hello", "^l" # => false
'l'.in_set? "j-m" # => true
'^'.in_set? "\\^aeiou" # => true
'-'.in_set? "a\\-eo" # => true
'\\'.in_set? "\\" # => true
'\\'.in_set? "\\A" # => false
'\\'.in_set? "X-\\w" # => true
Returns this char as a string that contains a char literal.
'a'.inspect # => "'a'"
'\t'.inspect # => "'\\t'"
'あ'.inspect # => "'あ'"
'\u0012'.inspect # => "'\\u{12}'"
Returns true
if this char is a letter.
'c'.letter? # => true
'á'.letter? # => true
'8'.letter? # => false
Returns true
if this char is a lowercase letter.
'c'.lowercase? # => true
'ç'.lowercase? # => true
'G'.lowercase? # => false
'.'.lowercase? # => false
Returns true
if this char is a number according to unicode.
'1'.number? # => true
'a'.number? # => false
Returns the codepoint of this char.
The codepoint is the integer representation. The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard, commonly known as Unicode, assigns names and meanings to numbers, these numbers are called codepoints.
For values below and including 127 this matches the ASCII codes and thus its byte representation.
'a'.ord # => 97
'\0'.ord # => 0
'\u007f'.ord # => 127
'☃'.ord # => 9731
Returns a Char that is one codepoint smaller than this char's codepoint.
'b'.pred # => 'a'
'ぃ'.pred # => 'あ'
Returns a Char that is one codepoint bigger than this char's codepoint.
'a'.succ # => 'b'
'あ'.succ # => 'ぃ'
This method allows creating a Range
of chars.
Returns the integer value of this char as a float if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit, raises otherwise.
'1'.to_i # => 1.0
'8'.to_i # => 8.0
'c'.to_i # raises ArgumentError
Returns the integer value of this char as a float if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit,
nil
otherwise.
'1'.to_i # => 1.0
'8'.to_i # => 8.0
'c'.to_i # raises ArgumentError
Returns the integer value of this char if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit in base, raises otherwise.
'1'.to_i # => 1
'8'.to_i # => 8
'c'.to_i # raises ArgumentError
'1'.to_i(16) # => 1
'a'.to_i(16) # => 10
'f'.to_i(16) # => 15
'z'.to_i(16) # raises ArgumentError
Returns the integer value of this char if it's an ASCII char denoting a digit
in base, nil
otherwise.
'1'.to_i # => 1
'8'.to_i # => 8
'c'.to_i # raises ArgumentError
'1'.to_i(16) # => 1
'a'.to_i(16) # => 10
'f'.to_i(16) # => 15
'z'.to_i(16) # raises ArgumentError
Returns this char as a string containing this char as a single character.
'a'.to_s # => "a"
'あ'.to_s # => "あ"
Appends this char to the given IO
.
This appends this char's bytes as encoded by UTF-8 to the given IO
.
Yields each char for the upcase equivalent of this char.
This method takes into account the possibility that an upcase version of a char might result in multiple chars, like for 'ffl', which results in 'F', 'F' and 'L'.
'z'.upcase { |v| puts v } # prints 'Z'
'ffl'.upcase { |v| puts v } # prints 'F', 'F', 'L'
Returns the upcase equivalent of this char.
Note that this only works for characters whose upcase equivalent yields a single codepoint. There are a few characters, like 'ffl', than when upcased result in multiple characters (in this case: 'F', 'F', 'L').
For a more correct method see the method that receives a block.
'z'.upcase # => 'Z'
'X'.upcase # => 'X'
'.'.upcase # => '.'
Returns true
if this char is an uppercase letter.
'H'.uppercase? # => true
'Á'.uppercase? # => true
'c'.uppercase? # => false
'.'.uppercase? # => false
Returns true
if this char is a whitespace according to unicode.
' '.whitespace? # => true
'\t'.whitespace? # => true
'b'.whitespace? # => false