struct Time

Overview

Time represents a date-time instant in incremental time observed in a specific time zone.

The calendaric calculations are based on the rules of the proleptic Gregorian calendar as specified in ISO 8601. Leap seconds are ignored.

Internally, the time is stored as an Int64 representing seconds from epoch (0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 UTC) and an Int32 representing nanosecond-of-second with value range 0..999_999_999.

The supported date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 to 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999_999_999 in any local time zone.

Telling the Time

There are several methods to retrieve a Time instance representing the current time:

Time.utc_now                                  # returns the current time in UTC
Time.now Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin") # returns the current time in time zone Europe/Berlin
Time.now                                      # returns the current time in current time zone

It is generally recommended to keep instances in UTC and only apply a local time zone when formatting for user display, unless the domain logic requires having a specific time zone (for example for calendaric operations).

Creating a Specific Instant

Time instances representing a specific instant can be created by .utc or .new with the date-time specified as individual arguments:

time = Time.utc(2016, 2, 15, 10, 20, 30)
time.to_s        # => 2016-02-15 10:20:30 UTC
time = Time.new(2016, 2, 15, 10, 20, 30, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time.to_s        # => 2016-02-15 10:20:30 +01:00 Europe/Berlin
The time-of-day can be omitted and defaults to midnight (start of day):
time = Time.utc(2016, 2, 15)
time.to_s        # => 2016-02-15 00:00:00 UTC

Retrieving Time Information

Each Time instance allows querying calendar data:

time = Time.utc(2016, 2, 15, 10, 20, 30)
time.year        # => 2016
time.month       # => 2
time.day         # => 15
time.hour        # => 10
time.minute      # => 20
time.second      # => 30
time.millisecond # => 0
time.nanosecond  # => 0
time.day_of_week # => Monday
time.day_of_year # => 46
time.monday?     # => true
time.time_of_day # => 15:10:30

Time Zones

Each time is attached to a specific time zone, represented by a Location (see #location). #zone returns the time zone observed in this location at the current time (i.e. the instant represented by this Time). #offset returns the offset of the current zone in seconds.

time = Time.new(2018, 3, 8, 22, 5, 13, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time          # => 2018-03-08 22:05:13 +01:00 Europe/Berlin
time.location # => #<Time::Location Europe/Berlin>
time.zone     # => #<Time::Location::Zone CET +01:00 (3600s) STD>
time.offset   # => 3600

Using .utc, the location is Time::Location::UTC:

time = Time.utc(2018, 3, 8, 22, 5, 13)
time          # => 2016-02-15 10:20:30 UTC
time.location # => #<Time::Location UTC>
time.zone     # => #<Time::Location::Zone UTC +00:00 (0s) STD>
time.offset   # => 0

A Time instance can be transformed to a different time zone while retaining the same instant using #in:

time_de = Time.new(2018, 3, 8, 22, 5, 13, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time_ar = time_de.in Time::Location.load("America/Buenos_Aires")
time_de # => 2018-03-08 22:05:13 +01:00 Europe/Berlin
time_ar # => 2018-03-08 18:05:13 -03:00 America/Buenos_Aires

Both Time instances show a different local date-time, but they represent the same date-time in the instant time-line, therefore they are considered equal:

time_de.to_utc     # => 2018-03-08 21:05:13 UTC
time_ar.to_utc     # => 2018-03-08 21:05:13 UTC
time_de == time_ar # => true

There are also two special methods for converting to UTC and local time zone:

time.to_utc   # equals time.in(Location::UTC)
time.to_local # equals time.in(Location.local)

Formatting and Parsing Time

To make date-time instances exchangeable between different computer systems or readable to humans, they are usually converted to and from a string representation.

The method #to_s formats the date-time according to a specified pattern.

time = Time.utc(2015, 10, 12, 10, 30, 0)
time.to_s("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %:z") # => "2015-10-12 10:30:00 +00:00"

Similarly, Time.parse is used to construct a Time instance from date-time information in a string, according to a specified pattern:

Time.parse("2015-10-12 10:30:00 +00:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z")

See Time::Format for all directives.

Calculations

Time.utc(2015, 10, 10) - 5.days # => 2015-10-05 00:00:00 +00:00

span = Time.utc(2015, 10, 10) - Time.utc(2015, 9, 10)
span.days          # => 30
span.total_hours   # => 720
span.total_minutes # => 43200

Measuring Time

The typical time representation provided by the operating system is based on a "wall clock" which is subject to changes for clock synchronization. This can result in discontinuous jumps in the time-line making it not suitable for accurately measuring elapsed time.

Instances of Time are focused on telling time – using a "wall clock". When Time.now is called multiple times, the difference between the returned instances is not guranteed to equal to the time elapsed between making the calls; even the order of the returned Time instances might not reflect invocation order.

t1 = Time.utc_now
# operation that takes 1 minute
t2 = Time.utc_now
t2 - t1 # => ?

The resulting Time::Span could be anything, even negative, if the computer's wall clock has changed between both calls.

As an alternative, the operating system also provides a monotonic clock. It's time-line has no specfied starting point but is strictly linearly increasing.

This monotonic clock should always be used for measuring elapsed time.

A reading from this clock can be taken using .monotonic:

t1 = Time.monotonic
# operation that takes 1 minute
t2 = Time.monotonic
t2 - t1 # => 1.minute (approximately)

The execution time of a block can be measured using .measure:

elapsed_time = Time.measure do
  # operation that takes 20 milliseconds
end
elapsed_time # => 20.milliseconds (approximately)

Included Modules

Defined in:

time.cr
json/to_json.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr

Constructors

Class Method Summary

Instance Method Summary

Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Time)

<(other : T) <, <=(other : T) <=, <=>(other : T) <=>, ==(other : T) ==, >(other : T) >, >=(other : T) >=

Instance methods inherited from struct Struct

==(other) : Bool ==, hash(hasher) hash, inspect(io : IO) : Nil inspect, pretty_print(pp) : Nil pretty_print, to_s(io) to_s

Instance methods inherited from struct Value

==(other : JSON::Any)
==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other)
==
, dup dup

Instance methods inherited from class Object

!=(other) !=, !~(other) !~, ==(other) ==, ===(other : JSON::Any)
===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other)
===
, =~(other) =~, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash
hash
, inspect(io : IO)
inspect
inspect
, itself itself, not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, tap(&block) tap, to_json(io : IO)
to_json
to_json
, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json
, to_s
to_s(io : IO)
to_s
, to_yaml(io : IO)
to_yaml
to_yaml
, try(&block) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as

Constructor methods inherited from class Object

from_json(string_or_io, root : String) : self
from_json(string_or_io) : self
from_json
, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) : self from_yaml

Constructor Detail

def self.epoch(seconds : Int) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance that corresponds to the number of seconds elapsed since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).

The time zone is always UTC.

Time.epoch(981173106) # => 2001-02-03 04:05:06 UTC

[View source]
def self.epoch_ms(milliseconds : Int) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance that corresponds to the number of milliseconds elapsed since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).

The time zone is always UTC.

time = Time.epoch_ms(981173106789) # => 2001-02-03 04:05:06.789 UTC
time.millisecond                   # => 789

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def self.new(year : Int32, month : Int32, day : Int32, hour : Int32 = 0, minute : Int32 = 0, second : Int32 = 0, *, nanosecond : Int32 = 0, location : Location = Location.local) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance representing the given local date-time in location (defaults to local time zone).

time = Time.new(2016, 2, 15, 10, 20, 30, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time.to_s # => 2016-02-15 10:20:30 +01:00 Europe/Berlin

Valid value ranges for the individual fields:

The time-of-day can be omitted and defaults to midnight (start of day):

time = Time.new(2016, 2, 15)
time.to_s # => 2016-02-15 00:00:00 +00:00 Local

The local date-time representation is resolved to a single instant based on the offset observed in the location at this time.

This process can sometimes be ambiguous, mostly due skipping or repeating times at time zone transitions. For example, in America/New_York the date-time 2011-03-13 02:15:00 never occured, there is a gap between time zones. In return, 2011-11-06 01:15:00 occured twice because of overlapping time zones.

In such cases, the choice of time zone, and therefore the time, is not well-defined. This method returns a time that is correct in one of the two zones involved in the transition, but it does not guarantee which.


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def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node) #

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def self.new(location : Location = Location.local) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance representing the current time from the system clock observed in location (defaults to local time zone).


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def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser) #

Reads a string from JSON parser as a time formated according to RFC 3339 or other variations of ISO 8601.

The JSON format itself does not specify a time data type, this method just assumes that a string holding a ISO 8601 time format can be # interpreted as a time value.

See #to_json for reference.


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def self.new(*, seconds : Int64, nanoseconds : Int32, location : Location) #

Creates a new Time instance that corresponds to the number of seconds and nanoseconds elapsed from epoch (0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 UTC) observed in location.

Valid range for seconds is 0..315_537_897_599. For nanoseconds it is 0..999_999_999.


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def self.now(location : Location = Location.local) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance representing the current time from the system clock observed in location (defaults to local time zone).


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def self.parse(time : String, pattern : String, location : Location? = nil) : Time #

Parses a Time from time string using the given pattern.

See Time::Format for details.

Time.parse("2016-04-05", "%F") # => 2016-04-05 00:00:00 +01:00

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def self.utc(year : Int32, month : Int32, day : Int32, hour : Int32 = 0, minute : Int32 = 0, second : Int32 = 0, *, nanosecond : Int32 = 0) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance representing the given date-time in UTC.

time = Time.utc(2016, 2, 15, 10, 20, 30)
time.to_s # => 2016-02-15 10:20:30 UTC

Valid value ranges for the individual fields:

The time-of-day can be omitted and defaults to midnight (start of day):

time = Time.utc(2016, 2, 15)
time.to_s # => 2016-02-15 00:00:00 UTC

Since UTC does not have any time zone transitions, each date-time is unambiguously resolved.


[View source]
def self.utc(*, seconds : Int64, nanoseconds : Int32) : Time #

Creates a new Time instance that corresponds to the number of seconds and nanoseconds elapsed from epoch (0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 UTC) in UTC.

Valid range for seconds is 0..315_537_897_599. For nanoseconds it is 0..999_999_999.


[View source]
def self.utc_now : Time #

Creates a new Time instance representing the current time from the system clock in UTC.


[View source]

Class Method Detail

def self.days_in_month(year : Int, month : Int) : Int32 #

Returns the number of days in month (value range: 1..12) taking account of the year.

The returned value is either 28, 29, 30 or 31 depending on the month and whether year is leap.

Time.days_in_month(2016, 2) # => 29
Time.days_in_month(1990, 4) # => 30

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def self.days_in_year(year : Int) : Int32 #

Returns the number of days in year.

A normal year has 365 days, a leap year 366 days.

Time.days_in_year(1990) # => 365
Time.days_in_year(2004) # => 366

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def self.leap_year?(year : Int) : Bool #

Returns true if year is a leap year in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.


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def self.measure(&block) : Time::Span #

Measures the execution time of block.

The measurement relies on the monotonic clock and is not affected by fluctuations of the system clock (see #monotonic).

elapsed_time = Time.measure do
  # operation that takes 20 milliseconds
end
elapsed_time # => 20.milliseconds (approximately)

[View source]
def self.monotonic : Time::Span #

Returns a reading from the monotonic clock to measure elapsed time.

Values from the monotonic clock and wall clock are not comparable. This method does not return a Time instance but a Time::Span amounting to the number of nanoseconds elapsed since the unspecified starting point of the monotonic clock. The returned values are strictly linearly increasing.

This clock should be independent from discontinuous jumps in the system time, such as leap seconds, time zone adjustments or manual changes to the computer's clock.

Subtracting two results from this method equals to the time elapsed between both readings:

start = Time.monotonic
# operation that takes 20 milliseconds
elapsed = Time.monotonic - start # => 20.milliseconds (approximately)
# operation that takes 50 milliseconds
elapsed_total = Time.monotonic - start # => 70.milliseconds (approximately)

The execution time of a block can be measured using .measure.


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def self.parse_iso8601(time : String) #

Parse datetime format specified by ISO 8601.

This is similar to .parse_rfc3339 but RFC 3339 defines a more strict format. In ISO 8601 for examples, field delimiters (#-, :) are optional.

Use #to_rfc3339 to format a Time according to .


[View source]
def self.parse_rfc2822(time : String) #

Parse time format specified by RFC 2822.

This is also compatible to RFC 882 and RFC 1123.


[View source]
def self.parse_rfc3339(time : String) #

Parse time format specified by RFC 3339 (ISO 8601 profile).


[View source]

Instance Method Detail

def +(span : Time::Span) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time with span added.

See #add_span for details.


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def +(span : Time::MonthSpan) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time with span added.

It adds the number of months with overflow increasing the year. If the resulting day-of-month would be invalid, it is adjusted to the last valid day of the moneth.

For example, adding 1.month to 2007-03-31 would result in the invalid date 2007-04-31 which will be adjusted to 2007-04-30.

This operates on the local time-line, such that the local date-time represenations of month and year are increased by the specified amount.

If the resulting date-time is ambiguous due to time zone transitions, a correct time will be returned, but it does not guarantee which.


[View source]
def -(other : Time) : Time::Span #

Returns a Time::Span amounting to the duration between other and self.

The time span is negative if self is before other.

The duration amounts to the actual time elapsed between both instances, on the instant time-line. The difference between local date-time representations may equal to a different duration, depending on time zone transitions.


[View source]
def -(span : Time::Span) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time with span subtracted.

See #add_span for details.


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def -(span : Time::MonthSpan) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time with span subtracted.

It adds the number of months with overflow decreasing the year. If the resulting day-of-month would be invalid, it is adjusted to the last valid day of the moneth.

For example, subtracting 1.month from 2007-05-31 would result in the invalid date 2007-04-31 which will be adjusted to 2007-04-30.

This operates on the local time-line, such that the local date-time represenations of month and year are decreased by the specified amount.

If the resulting date-time is ambiguous due to time zone transitions, a correct time will be returned, but it does not guarantee which.


[View source]
def <=>(other : Time) : Int32 #

Compares this Time with other.

The comparison is based on the instant time-line, even if the local date-time representation (wall clock) would compare differently.

To ensure the comparison is also true for local wall clock, both date-times need to be transforemd to the same time zone.


[View source]
def ==(other : Time) : Bool #

Compares this Time with other for equality.

Two instances are considered equal if they represent the same date-time in the instant time-line, even if they show a different local date-time.

time_de = Time.new(2018, 3, 8, 22, 5, 13, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time_ar = Time.new(2018, 3, 8, 18, 5, 13, location: Time::Location.load("America/Buenos_Aires"))
time_de == time_ar # => true

# both times represent the same instant:
time_de.to_utc # => 2018-03-08 21:05:13 UTC
time_ar.to_utc # => 2018-03-08 21:05:13 UTC

[View source]
def add_span(seconds : Int, nanoseconds : Int) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time with the number of seconds and nanoseconds added.

Positive values result in a later time, negative values in an earlier time.

This operates on the instant time-line, such that adding the eqivalent of one hour will always be a duration of one hour later. The local date-time representation may change by a different amount, depending on time zone transitions.

Overflow in nanoseconds will be transferred to seconds.

There is no explicit limit on the input values but the addition must result in a valid time between 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 and 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999_999_999. Otherwise ArgumentError is raised.


[View source]
def at_beginning_of_day : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the day.


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def at_beginning_of_hour : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the hour.


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def at_beginning_of_minute : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the minute.


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def at_beginning_of_month : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the month.


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def at_beginning_of_quarter : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the quarter.


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def at_beginning_of_second : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the seconds.

This essentially scaps off nanoseconds.


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def at_beginning_of_semester : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the semester.


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def at_beginning_of_week : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the week.

TODO Ensure correctness in local time-line.


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def at_beginning_of_year : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the beginning of the year.


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def at_end_of_day : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the day.


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def at_end_of_hour : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the hour.


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def at_end_of_minute #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the minute.


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def at_end_of_month : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the month.


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def at_end_of_quarter : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the quarter.


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def at_end_of_second #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the second.


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def at_end_of_semester : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the semester.


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def at_end_of_week : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the week.

TODO Ensure correctness in local time-line.


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def at_end_of_year : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the end of the year.


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def at_midday : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing midday (12:00) of the same day.


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def clone : Time #

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def date : Time #

Returns a copy of self with time-of-day components (hour, minute, second, nanoseconds) set to zero.

This equals #at_beginning_of_day or Time.new(year, month, day, 0, 0, 0, nanoseconds: 0, location: location).


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def day : Int32 #

Returns the day of the month (1..31).


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def day_of_week : Time::DayOfWeek #

Returns the day of the week (Sunday..Saturday).


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def day_of_year : Int32 #

Returns the day of the year.

The value range is 1..365 in normal yars and 1..366 in leap years.


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def epoch : Int64 #

Returns the number of seconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).

time = Time.utc(2016, 1, 12, 3, 4, 5)
time.epoch # => 1452567845

[View source]
def epoch_f : Float64 #

Returns the number of seconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) as Float64 with nanosecond precision.

time = Time.utc(2016, 1, 12, 3, 4, 5, nanosecond: 678_000_000)
time.epoch_f # => 1452567845.678

[View source]
def epoch_ms : Int64 #

Returns the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).

time = Time.utc(2016, 1, 12, 3, 4, 5, nanosecond: 678_000_000)
time.epoch_ms # => 1452567845678

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def friday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Friday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def hash(hasher) #

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def hour : Int32 #

Returns the hour of the day (0..23).


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def in(location : Location) : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the same instant observed in location.

This method changes the time zone and retains the instant, which will usually result in a different representation of local date-time (unless both locations have the same offset).

Ambiguous time zone transitions such as gaps and overlaps have no effect on the result because it retains the same instant.

time_de = Time.new(2018, 3, 8, 22, 5, 13, location: Time::Location.load("Europe/Berlin"))
time_ar = time_de.in Time::Location.load("America/Buenos_Aires")
time_de # => 2018-03-08 22:05:13 +01:00 Europe/Berlin
time_ar # => 2018-03-08 18:05:13 -03:00 America/Buenos_Aires

[View source]
def inspect(io : IO, with_nanoseconds = true) #

Prints this Time to io.

The local date-time is formatted as date string YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn +ZZ:ZZ:ZZ. Nanoseconds are omitted if with_nanoseconds is false. When the location is UTC, the offset is omitted. Offset seconds are omitted if 0.

The name of the location is appended unless it is a fixed zone offset.


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def local? : Bool #

Returns true if #location equals to the local time zone (Time::Location.local).

Since the system's settings may change during a programm's runtime, the result may not be identical between different invocations.


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def location : Location #

Returns Location representing the time-zone observed by this Time.


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def millisecond : Int32 #

Returns the millisecond of the second (0..999).


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def minute : Int32 #

Returns the minute of the hour (0..59).


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def monday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Monday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def month : Int32 #

Returns the month of the year (1..12).


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def nanosecond : Int32 #

Returns the nanosecond of the second (0..999_999_999).


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def offset : Int32 #

Returns the offset from UTC (in seconds) in effect in #location at this instant.


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def saturday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Saturday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def second : Int32 #

Returns the second of the minute (0..59).


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def sunday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Sunday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def thursday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Thursday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def time_of_day : Time::Span #

Returns the duration between this Time and midnight of the same day.

This is equivalent to creating a Time::Span from the time-of-day fields:

time.time_of_day == Time::Span.new(time.hour, time.minute, time.second, time.nanosecond)
``

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def to_json(json : JSON::Builder) #

Emits a string formated according to RFC 3339 (ISO 8601 profile).

The JSON format itself does not specify a time data type, this method just assumes that a string holding a RFC 3339 time format will be interpreted as a time value.

See #from_json for reference.


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def to_local : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the same instant in the local time zone (Time::Location.local).

See #in for details.


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def to_rfc2822 #

Format this time using the format specified by RFC 2822.

Time.new(2016, 2, 15).to_rfc2822 # => "Mon, 15 Feb 2016 00:00:00 -0400"

This is also compatible to RFC 882 and RFC 1123.


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def to_rfc2822(io : IO) #

Format this time using the format specified by RFC 2822 into the given io.

This is also compatible to RFC 882 and RFC 1123.


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def to_rfc3339 #

Format this time using the format specified by RFC 3339 (ISO 8601 profile).

Time.new(2016, 2, 15).to_rfc3339 # => "2016-02-15T00:00:00+00:00"

ISO 8601 allows some freedom over the syntax and RFC 3339 exercises that freedom to rigidly define a fixed format intended for use in internet protocols and standards.


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def to_rfc3339(io : IO) #

Format this time using the format specified by RFC 3339 (ISO 8601 profile). into the given io.


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def to_s(format : String) : String #

Formats this Time according to the pattern in format.

See Time::Format for details.

time = Time.new(2016, 4, 5)
time.to_s("%F") # => "2016-04-05"

[View source]
def to_s(io : IO) #

Prints this Time to io.

The local date-time is formatted as date string YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss +ZZ:ZZ:ZZ. Nanoseconds are always omitted. When the location is UTC, the offset is replaced with the string UTC. Offset seconds are omitted if 0.


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def to_s(format : String, io : IO) : Nil #

Formats this Time according to the pattern in format to the given io.

See Time::Format for details.


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def to_utc : Time #

Returns a copy of this Time representing the same instant in UTC (Time::Location::UTC).

See #in for details.


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def to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder) #

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def tuesday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Tuesday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def utc? : Bool #

Returns true if #location equals to Location::UTC.


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def wednesday? : Bool #

Returns true if the day of week is Wednesday.

See #day_of_week for details.


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def year : Int32 #

Returns the year of the proleptic Georgian Calendar (0..9999).


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def zone : Time::Location::Zone #

Returns the time zone in effect in #location at this instant.


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