Reads an integer from the given io in the given format.

See also: IO#read_bytes.

Returns self modulo other.

This uses floored division.

See Int#/ for more details.

Returns the value of raising self to the power of exponent.

Raises ArgumentError if exponent is negative: if this is needed, either use a float base or a float exponent.

Intermediate multiplication will wrap around silently in case of overflow.

2 &** 3  # => 8
2 &** 0  # => 1
2 &** -1 # ArgumentError

Returns the value of raising self to the power of exponent.

Raises ArgumentError if exponent is negative: if this is needed, either use a float base or a float exponent.

Raises OverflowError in case of overflow.

2 ** 3  # => 8
2 ** 0  # => 1
2 ** -1 # ArgumentError

Returns the value of raising self to the power of exponent.

2 ** 3.0  # => 8.0
2 ** 0.0  # => 1.0
2 ** -1.0 # => 0.5

Divides self by other using floored division.

In floored division, given two integers x and y:

• q = x / y is rounded toward negative infinity
• r = x % y has the sign of the second argument
• x == q*y + r

For example:

 x     y     x / y     x % y
 5     3       1         2
-5     3      -2         1
 5    -3      -2        -1
-5    -3       1        -2

Raises if other is zero, or if other is -1 and self is signed and is the minimum value for that integer type.

Returns the result of shifting this number's bits count positions to the left.

• If count is greater than the number of bits of this integer, returns 0
• If count is negative, a right shift is performed

8000 << 1  # => 16000
8000 << 2  # => 32000
8000 << 32 # => 0
8000 << -1 # => 4000

The comparison operator. Returns 0 if the two objects are equal, a negative number if this object is considered less than other, a positive number if this object is considered greater than other, or nil if the two objects are not comparable.

Subclasses define this method to provide class-specific ordering.

The comparison operator is usually used to sort values:

# Sort in a descending way:
[3, 1, 2].sort { |x, y| y <=> x } # => [3, 2, 1]

# Sort in an ascending way:
[3, 1, 2].sort { |x, y| x <=> y } # => [1, 2, 3]

Returns the result of shifting this number's bits count positions to the right. Also known as arithmetic right shift.

• If count is greater than the number of bits of this integer, returns 0
• If count is negative, a left shift is performed

8000 >> 1  # => 4000
8000 >> 2  # => 2000
8000 >> 32 # => 0
8000 >> -1 # => 16000

-8000 >> 1 # => -4000

Returns the absolute value of this number.

123.abs  # => 123
-123.abs # => 123

Returns this number's bitth bit, starting with the least-significant.

11.bit(0) # => 1
11.bit(1) # => 1
11.bit(2) # => 0
11.bit(3) # => 1
11.bit(4) # => 0

Returns the number of bits of this int value.

“The number of bits” means that the bit position of the highest bit which is different to the sign bit. (The bit position of the bit 2**n is n+1.) If there is no such bit (zero or minus one), zero is returned.

I.e. This method returns ceil(log2(self < 0 ? -self : self + 1)).

0.bit_length # => 0
1.bit_length # => 1
2.bit_length # => 2
3.bit_length # => 2
4.bit_length # => 3
5.bit_length # => 3

# The above is the same as
0b0.bit_length   # => 0
0b1.bit_length   # => 1
0b10.bit_length  # => 2
0b11.bit_length  # => 2
0b100.bit_length # => 3
0b101.bit_length # => 3

Returns the requested range of bits

0b10011.bits(0..1) # => 0b11
0b10011.bits(0..2) # => 0b11
0b10011.bits(0..3) # => 0b11
0b10011.bits(0..4) # => 0b10011
0b10011.bits(0..5) # => 0b10011
0b10011.bits(1..4) # => 0b1001

Returns true if all bits in mask are set on self.

0b0110.bits_set?(0b0110) # => true
0b1101.bits_set?(0b0111) # => false
0b1101.bits_set?(0b1100) # => true

Returns a Char that has the unicode codepoint of self.

Raises ArgumentError if this integer's value doesn't fit a char's range (0..0xd7ff and 0xe000..0x10ffff).

97.chr # => 'a'

Returns a Time::Span of self days.

Returns a Time::Span of self days.

Returns the digits of a number in a given base. The digits are returned as an array with the least significant digit as the first array element.

12345.digits      # => [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
12345.digits(7)   # => [4, 6, 6, 0, 5]
12345.digits(100) # => [45, 23, 1]

-12345.digits(7) # => ArgumentError

Returns the greatest common divisor of self and other. Signed integers may raise OverflowError if either has value equal to MIN of its type.

5.gcd(10) # => 5
5.gcd(7)  # => 1

Returns the greatest common divisor of self and other.

See Object#hash(hasher)

Returns a Time::Span of self hours.

Returns a Time::Span of self hours.

Prints this integer as a binary value in a human-readable format using a BinaryPrefixFormat.

Values with binary measurements such as computer storage (e.g. RAM size) are typically expressed using unit prefixes based on 1024 (instead of multiples of 1000 as per SI standard). This method by default uses the IEC standard prefixes (Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, Pi, Ei, Zi, Yi) based on powers of 1000 (see BinaryPrefixFormat::IEC).

format can be set to use the extended range of JEDEC units (K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y) which equals to the prefixes of the SI system except for uppercase K and is based on powers of 1024 (see BinaryPrefixFormat::JEDEC).

1.humanize_bytes                        # => "1B"
1024.humanize_bytes                     # => "1.0kiB"
1536.humanize_bytes                     # => "1.5kiB"
524288.humanize_bytes                   # => "512kiB"
1073741824.humanize_bytes(format: :IEC) # => "1.0GiB"

See Number#humanize for more details on the behaviour and arguments.

Prints this integer as a binary value in a human-readable format using a BinaryPrefixFormat.

Values with binary measurements such as computer storage (e.g. RAM size) are typically expressed using unit prefixes based on 1024 (instead of multiples of 1000 as per SI standard). This method by default uses the IEC standard prefixes (Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, Pi, Ei, Zi, Yi) based on powers of 1000 (see BinaryPrefixFormat::IEC).

format can be set to use the extended range of JEDEC units (K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y) which equals to the prefixes of the SI system except for uppercase K and is based on powers of 1024 (see BinaryPrefixFormat::JEDEC).

1.humanize_bytes                        # => "1B"
1024.humanize_bytes                     # => "1.0kiB"
1536.humanize_bytes                     # => "1.5kiB"
524288.humanize_bytes                   # => "512kiB"
1073741824.humanize_bytes(format: :IEC) # => "1.0GiB"

See Number#humanize for more details on the behaviour and arguments.

Returns the least common multiple of self and other.

Returns the least common multiple of self and other.

Raises OverflowError in case of overflow.

Returns a Time::Span of self microseconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self microseconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self milliseconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self milliseconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self minutes.

Returns a Time::Span of self minutes.

Returns a Time::MonthSpan of self months.

Returns a Time::MonthSpan of self months.

Returns a Time::Span of self nanoseconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self nanoseconds.

Counts 1-bits in the binary representation of this integer.

5.popcount   # => 2
-15.popcount # => 29

Returns self remainder other.

This uses truncated division.

See Int#tdiv for more details.

Rounds self to an integer value using rounding mode.

The rounding mode controls the direction of the rounding. The default is RoundingMode::TIES_EVEN which rounds to the nearest integer, with ties (fractional value of 0.5) being rounded to the even neighbor (Banker's rounding).

Returns self.

Returns self.

Returns a Time::Span of self seconds.

Returns a Time::Span of self seconds.

Divides self by other using truncated division.

In truncated division, given two integers x and y:

• q = x.tdiv(y) is rounded toward zero
• r = x.remainder(y) has the sign of the first argument
• x == q*y + r

For example:

 x     y     x / y     x % y
 5     3       1         2
-5     3      -1        -2
 5    -3      -1         2
-5    -3       1        -2

Raises if other is 0, or if other is -1 and self is signed and is the minimum value for that integer type.

Converts self to BigDecimal.

require "big"
12123415151254124124.to_big_d

Returns a BigInt representing this integer.

require "big"

123.to_big_i

Returns a BigRational representing this integer.

require "big"

123.to_big_r

Writes this integer to the given io in the given format.

See also: IO#write_bytes.

Appends a string representation of this integer to the given io.

base specifies the radix of the written string, and must be either 62 or a number between 2 and 36. By default, digits above 9 are represented by ASCII lowercase letters (a for 10, b for 11, etc.), but uppercase letters may be used if upcase is true, unless base 62 is used. In that case, lowercase letters are used for 10 to 35, and uppercase ones for 36 to 61, and upcase must be false.

precision specifies the minimum number of digits in the written string. If there are fewer digits than this number, the string is left-padded by zeros. If self and precision are both zero, returns an empty string.

Returns a string representation of this integer.

base specifies the radix of the returned string, and must be either 62 or a number between 2 and 36. By default, digits above 9 are represented by ASCII lowercase letters (a for 10, b for 11, etc.), but uppercase letters may be used if upcase is true, unless base 62 is used. In that case, lowercase letters are used for 10 to 35, and uppercase ones for 36 to 61, and upcase must be false.

precision specifies the minimum number of digits in the returned string. If there are fewer digits than this number, the string is left-padded by zeros. If self and precision are both zero, returns an empty string.

1234.to_s                   # => "1234"
1234.to_s(2)                # => "10011010010"
1234.to_s(16)               # => "4d2"
1234.to_s(16, upcase: true) # => "4D2"
1234.to_s(36)               # => "ya"
1234.to_s(62)               # => "jU"
1234.to_s(precision: 2)     # => "1234"
1234.to_s(precision: 6)     # => "001234"

Returns the number of trailing 0-bits.

Returns a Time::Span of self weeks.

Returns a Time::Span of self weeks.

Returns a Time::MonthSpan of self years.

Returns a Time::MonthSpan of self years.